Chapter 3 Parts of Speech

Verb A word used to express action or a state of being Three types: helping or main, action or linking, and transitive or intransitive

Helping verbs & main verbs A helping verb helps the main verb express action or a state of being The main verb and the helping verb make up the verb phrase

Helping verb (auxiliary verb) list be (am, are, is, was, were, being), can, could, do (did, does, doing), have (had, has, having), may

Continued might must shall should will would

Action verbs Verbs that express physical or mental activity Physical activity: Laugh, paint, leap, sneeze, play Mental activity: understand, wish, trust, realize, dream

Linking verbs Linking verbs connect the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject Forms of “Be” Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been Other linking verbs: appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

Continued… Most linking verbs (excluding the forms of “Be” and seem) can also be used as action verbs Linking: the soup tasted good. Action: I tasted the soup.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Transitive verbs Transitive verbs – a verb that expresses an action directed toward a person, place, or thing Examples: John Threw the ball. Sam brought popcorn.

Intransitive verbs Intransitive verbs express action or tells something about the subject without action passing to a receiver or object… Examples: James swam well. Dave sang beautifully in the choir.

ADverbs An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb

Adverbs make the meaning of a verb, adverb, or adjective more definite Adverbs tell where, when, how, to what extent, how much, or how long

Adverbs modifying verbs Adverbs may come before or after the verbs they modify Adverbs may come between the parts of verb phrases Adverbs are sometimes used to ask questions

Adverb or adjective Many adverbs are created by adding “ly” to adjectives Examples: Bright – brightly Soft – softly

Prepositions The preposition is a word that indicates location: Location in the physical world, also location in time Examples of Location: The dog is in the basket. The dog is beside the fireplace. Example of time: At midnight, I like to have a snack.

Prepositional phrases The prepositional phrase consists of the preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object. Prepositions introduce prepositional phrases Preposition + optional modifiers + noun, pronoun, or gerund Examples: At school (at = preposition, school = noun) Under the stove (under = preposition, the = modifier, stove = noun) By chewing (By = preposition, chewing = gerund)

The conjunction A conjunction is a word used to join words or groups of words There are three types of conjunctions Coordinating, correlative, and subordinating

Coordinating conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions are used to join words, phrases, or independent clauses Fanboys – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (;) a semicolon can also be used as a coordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions come in pairs and join words or word groups that are used in the same way Examples: both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, whether…or Both mark and sue enjoy eating sushi. Neither dave nor jane enjoy eating sushi.

Subordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions are used to show a relationship between an independent clause & a dependent clause. Examples: after, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, and while

interjections A word used to express emotion Hey! Watch out for that step! Hooray! We won the game!