Rhetoric: art of communicating ideas Rhetoric at Work Rhetoric: art of communicating ideas Methods: Speech, Writing, Art, Music, Advertising, and basically any way ideas can be shared
Jolliffe's Rhetorical Framework Purpose Rhetorical Situation Invention Style Speaker Audience Context (Demand) Subject Arrangement
Three Main Ways to Persuade: Logos (Logical Appeals) Pathos (Emotional Appeals) Ethos (Ethical Appeals)
Jolliffe's Rhetorical Framework Purpose Logos (Logic) Ethos (Credibility) Pathos (Emotion) Rhetorical Situation Invention Style Speaker Audience Context (Exigence) Subject Arrangement
LOGOS (Logical Appeals) convince audience using rational arguments supported with objective evidence or reasonable assumptions Example: Slavery should be abolished because “all men are created equal” (reasonable assumption) and African people have the same brain capacity as European people (evidence).
PATHOS (Emotional Appeals) convince audience using specific examples of emotions such as happiness or suffering, or potential threats that cause fear fear, pity, lust, happiness, worth, belonging, patriotism Example: Slavery should be abolished because no man should have to feel the fear that he is ruled entirely by another man—whipped at a whim or seeing his children ripped from his eyes and sold like cattle. (pity/outrage/disgust)
ETHOS (Ethical Appeals) Convince the audience by the authority of a person or a group (credibility); relies on shared moral values and call forth the audience’s sense of right, justice, and virtue Example: Slavery should be abolished because all of the great men of our time (authority) realize the moral irresponsibility of attempting to justify that it is acceptable to treat another human being in a fashion different from how we would treat our brother (moral value).
Jolliffe's Rhetorical Framework Purpose Logos (Logic) Ethos (Credibility) Pathos (Emotion) Organization / Structure / Form Rhetorical Situation Diction (Word Choice) Invention Style Speaker Audience Context (Exigence) Subject Arrangement
DICTION (Word Choice) refers to the writer's or the speaker's distinctive vocabulary choices and style of expression
Jolliffe's Rhetorical Framework Purpose Logos (Logic) Ethos (Credibility) Pathos (Emotion) Organization / Structure / Form Rhetorical Situation Diction (Word Choice) Invention Style Speaker Audience Context (Exigence) Subject Arrangement Syntax (Sentence Structure)
SYNTAX (Sentence Structure) Refers to the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages (i.e. following grammatical rules! )
Jolliffe's Rhetorical Framework Purpose Logos (Logic) Ethos (Credibility) Pathos (Emotion) Organization / Structure / Form Rhetorical Situation Diction (Word Choice) Imagery (Senses) Invention Style Speaker Audience Context (Exigence) Subject Arrangement Syntax (Sentence Structure)
Imagery (Senses) Used in literature to refer to descriptive language that evokes sensory experiences
Jolliffe's Rhetorical Framework Purpose Logos (Logic) Ethos (Credibility) Pathos (Emotion) Organization / Structure / Form Rhetorical Situation Diction (Word Choice) Imagery (Senses) Invention Style Speaker Audience Context (Exigence) Subject Arrangement Figurative Language (Englishy Terms) Syntax (Sentence Structure)
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE (Englishy Terms) Language that communicates ideas beyond the literal meaning of words SIMILE (Think Beauty and the Beast!) "Mama said life was LIKE a box of chocolate, you never know what you're gonna get!" METAPHOR HYPERBOLE Jumping for joy! I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse!
Methods of Rhetoric Elevated Language—develop serious tone and help ethical appeals (credibility) Rhetorical Question—question where no answer is expected; posed to show arguments make the answer obvious
Repetition—repeating a point tells the audience what is important Parallelism—ideas expressed in the same way to emphasize importance Allusion: indirect reference to a person, place, event, or literary work with which the author believes the reader will be familiar so that a point can be made