MATTER & THE PARTICLE MODEL PHASES OF MATTER MOLECULES & ATOMS MATTER & THE PARTICLE MODEL

MATTER & THE PARTICLE MODEL MATTER IS ANYTHING THAT HAS VOLUME & MASS (TAKES UP SPACE) THE PARTICLE MODEL MATTER IS MADE UP OF PARTICLES THAT ARE EXTREMELY SMALL THESE PARTICLES ARE IN CONSTANT MOVEMENT WHEN TEMPERATURE INCREASES, THE MOVEMENT OF THESE PARTICLES INCREASES THE PARTICLES ARE HELD TOGETHER BY FORCES OF ATTRACTION

PHASES OF MATTER

PHASES OF MATTER SOLIDS Solids are composed of particles held together by invisible links. These ties are so strong that the particles can not move freely. The particles can only vibrate. Their particles are held together. Solids have a definite shape and occupy a measurable volume

PHASES OF MATTER LIQUIDS The links which connect the liquid particles are lower than those linking the solid particles. The particles are slightly free and can move slowly. Liquid will not retain their shape. It has a definite volume. A liquid takes the shape of the container in which it is placed

PHASES OF MATTER GAS The links between the particles of gas are even lower than those linking the particles of a liquid. Particles can move much more freely than those of solids and liquids - There are large gaps between the particles As their particles can move very freely, gas particles can circulate in all directions. No definite shape or volume A gas spreads to fill the space of a container or a part.

PHASES OF MATTER SOLIDS Particles do not move freely Vibration only LIQUID Particles small movements Move slowly GAS Particles FREE movements Move fast

MOLECULES & ATOMS AN ATOM IS THE SMALLEST PARTICLE IN MATTER. IT CANNOT BE DIVIDED BY CHEMICAL MEANS A MOLECULE IS A GROUP OF TWO OR MORE ATOMS HELD TOGETHER BY CHEMICAL BONDS

MOLECULES & ATOMS

Periodic Table Visual representation of elements Organized by chemical and physical properties Current table created by Dmitri Mendeleev Illustrates periodic trends in the elements! Columns → GROUPS or Families Rows → PERIODS

Groups in Periodic Table Elements in same groups = have the same number of valence electrons Valence electron → electrons found in the last orbital. Elements with same valence electrons have similar chemical properties, since they all have the same ability to gain/lose electrons. Similar properties = in the same family.

Periods in Periodic Table Elements in same period= same number of orbitals / energy shells. The number of orbitals also illustrate the overall size of the element. An element in period 2 is smaller than an element in period 6, since it has only two orbitals while the latter has 6.

Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Chalcogens Halogens Noble Gases

Atomic weight = protons + neutrons Atomic number = number of protons and electrons.

Groups in Periodic Table Metals Groups 1, 2, 3 and transition metals. All left of staircase. Main properties include: malleable, ductile, conduction of heat and electricity, shiny, solid form at room temperature, (except mercury), react with acids. **Higher the period=more reactive**

Groups in Periodic Table Non-Metals Groups 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. All right of staircase. Main properties include: not-malleable, non-ductile (fragile/breakable), poor conduction of heat and electricity, dull. **Lower the period=more reactive**

Groups in Periodic Table Metalloids Found on the staircase: Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium. Have characteristics of both metals and non-metals.

Families in Periodic Table Alkali Metals Found in Group 1 Extremely reactive; most reactive of all families, elemental form must be emerged in oil or will react with oxygen violently. Alkaline Earth Metals Found in Group 2 Reactive, less so than Alkali Metals, can be exposed to oxygen.

Families in Periodic Table Halogens Found in Group 7. Form salts when react with metals. Noble or Inert Gases Found in Group 8. Are all in Gas form. Never found in a compound; orbitals are full and are stable.

Bohr Model vs. Lewis Dot Diagrams Bohr models contain the following information: Number of protons (**and neutrons**), number of total electrons, valence electrons, orbitals. Lewis D.D only contain valence electrons Note, it is not necessary to write # of neutrons

BOHR-RUTHERFORD MODEL

MOLECULES & ATOMS A molecule of GLUCOSE (sugar) 𝐶 6 𝐻 12 𝑂 6 A molecule of WATER 𝐻 2 𝑂 A molecule of SALT 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙