Q.Q. 10/31/18 Organic Chemistry is currently defined as The study of compounds made only by living cells The study of carbon compounds The study of vital forces The study of natural compounds (as opposed to synthetic or man-made) The study of hydrocarbons

Q.Q. 10/31/18 Organic Chemistry is currently defined as The study of compounds made only by living cells The study of carbon compounds The study of vital forces The study of natural compounds (as opposed to synthetic or man-made) The study of hydrocarbons

Why Carbon?? Has 4 valence e- and commonly covalently bonds to C, H, O, N Organic compounds have C and H

Chapter 4 Objectives

Molecular Model Building WITH CANDY! Br F Cl Toothpicks = covalent bonds

Now try these…. *building and drawings! CHEMICAL SHAPE IS CRUCIAL TO FUNCTION IN LIVING ORGANISMS!

Q.Q. 11/5/18 Name the 3 types of isomers. What is a pharmacological effect of chemical isomers?

Isomers 2 chemical compounds with the SAME chemical formula, but different structural formula or spatial arrangements of atoms 3 types: Structural isomers Geometric isomers Enantiomers

Shape affects function… L-Dopa vs. D-Dopa

C4H10

C4H8

Enantiomers

*Ch. 4 Guided notes: Carbon Carbon is the “backbone” of all life - Enters biological systems by plants using CO2 *through photosynthesis *CO2 (inorganic) converted to an organic compound, glucose

Why Carbon?? Has 4 valence e- and commonly covalently bonds to C, H, O, N Organic compounds have C and H

Carbon Although atoms are connected in a molecule, they want to be as far away from each other as possible Double bonds- each line is a shared pair of electrons

Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbons- ONLY C and H Petroleum Not prevalent in living organisms, but there are regions on larger molecules that are composed of hydrocarbons (IE- fats)

Isomers Isomers- Same number of atoms of the same element but in different structure. 3 types: Structural isomers Geometric isomers Enantiomers

1) Structural Isomers Differ in covalent arrangement of their atoms; also can change location of a double bond

2) Geometric Isomers Same covalent partnerships. Double bonds prevent any rotation of the bonded carbons. Cis- Attached atoms of the same type are on the same side of double bond Trans- Attached atoms of the same type are on opposite sides of double bond

Geometric isomers Cis Trans

3) Enantiomers Mirror images of each other (left vs. right hand). Can have drastic differences in biological effect.

Functional Groups Parts of the molecule involved in chemical reactions 1) Hydroxyl- an –OH connected to a C chain (NOT the same as OH-) Alcohols- IE- ethanol (alcoholic beverages) Polar, dissolves organic compounds *Anything with O is reactive and dissolve in other polar substances

Hydroxyl

2) Carbonyl- C connected to an O by a double bond (C=O) 2 types: Ketones and Aldehydes -Ketones- IE- Acetone (group is found in the middle of a C chain)

Carbonyl 2) Aldehydes- IE- Propanol (end of the C chain)

3) Carboxyl- The O is double bonded to C which is bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH) - Carboxylic acids- IE- acetic acid (vinegar) - Can lose/regain the H on the hydroxyl

Carboxyl

4) Amino- -NH2 - Amines- IE- Glycine (amine and carboxyl = amino acid) - Acts as a base

5) Sulfhydryl- -SH - Thiols- IE- Ethanethiol - Can help stabilize protein shape

6) Phosphate- A phosphate connected to 4 O, one of the O is connected to the C chain, and two of the O carry a negative charge. - Organic phosphate can carry energy between organic molecules

Phosphate

Phosphate ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Phosphate When ATP is “broken” the products are ADP (adenosine diphosphate, as below), an inorganic phosphate, and energy is released. + ENERGY

HOMEWORK: Due Wed. 11/7 Complete the Last page of your notes on types of Isomers “Student work” AND the identifying Functional Groups handout.