Colonial Society in the 18th Century The English Colonies on the Eve of Revolution George Whitefield: http://johnbotkin.net/2013/09/11/how-to-listen-to-a-sermon/

What is an American? It is a “strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country… What then is the American, this new man?” - M.G. de Crevecoeur Analyze quotation – why, even today, is it difficult to describe an “American?”

Essential Question By 1754, to what extent had the British colonies developed a sense of an “American” identity? Image: http://www.nysoclib.org/blog/set-your-time-machine-1754

Population Growth Doubling every 25 years By 1700: 250,000. Free & Slave By 1775: 2.5 million (500,000 African) Causes: Fecundity (unparalleled in world history) Immigration Chart: http://on-select.com/gal/1/13-colonies-religion-chart/

European Immigrants Most Settled in Middle Colonies English Germans Limited numbers Germans Pennsylvania Scotch-Irish Virginia, Carolinas, Georgia Others French Protestants, Dutch, Swedes Image: http://digitalheritage.org/2011/12/the-migration-of-the-scotch-irish-from-ulster-to-western-north-carolina/

Africans Largest non-English group In North, occupations ranged 20% of population 90% in South Majority in SC & GA In North, occupations ranged Enslaved, laborers, tradesmen, wage earners Image: http://projects.ilt.columbia.edu/seneca/afamnyc/03bAfAmNYC.html

Structure of Colonial Society General Characteristics: Self-Government Religious Toleration No Hereditary Aristocracy Social Mobility Painting: http://b-womeninamericanhistory18.blogspot.com/2013/06/paintings-of-18th-century-american.html

The Family More than 90% of colonists lived on farms Men Women High standard of living Men English common law gave most power to men Landowning, politics Women Avg # of children = 8 Household work, education of children Origins of “cult of domesticity” Painting: https://americangallery.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/big_colonial-family.jpg

The Economy Mercantilism & British restrictions New England Navigation Acts (1651, 1660, 1663) Molasses Act (1733) New England Smalls farms, logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trade Middle Colonies Wheat, corn, family farms, small manufacturing, trade (Philadelphia & New York) Southern Colonies Smalls subsistence farming, large plantations, cash crops Monetary System Limited hard currency Many developed paper currency Transportation Deficient over land Important ports for sea trade: Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston Importance of taverns Colonial Taverns: http://www.landofthebrave.info/colonial-trades.htm

Religion Religious Diversity Witches in Salem (1692) Especially in Middle Colonies Witches in Salem (1692) Challenges to Established Churches Protestants vs. Congregationalists Anti-Anglican sentiments Map: https://enduringvisions.wikispaces.com/2_3%C2%A0Freedom+and+Slavery+in+Late+Colonial+America Introduce Salem Witch Trials in Challenges Section: Timeline of Events – http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/ASAL_CH.HTM Biography of Parris - http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/ASA_PAR.HTM Analyze the causes, targets, and effects of the trials

The Great Awakening Characteristics: Jonathan Edwards Fervent expression of religious beliefs Mass movement Itinerant preachers Jonathan Edwards “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” George Whitefield Large outdoor audiences Impact: “New Lights” vs. “Old Lights” Rise of Baptists and Methodists New Institutions – Colleges Democratization of religion Challenges to authority Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: http://edwards.yale.edu/archive?path=aHR0cDovL2Vkd2FyZHMueWFsZS5lZHUvY2dpLWJpbi9uZXdwaGlsby9nZXRvYmplY3QucGw/Yy4yMTo0Ny53amVv Image: http://classroom.synonym.com/did-great-awakening-affect-religious-beliefs-8683.html

Cultural Life Arts and Sciences Architecture Painting Literature Borrowed (Georgian) Frontier Log Cabins Painting Benjamin West & John Copley Trained in England Literature Religious (Mather & Edwards) Writers Otis, Dickinson Poetry (Wheatley) Science Benjamin Franklin Franklin also known for Poor Richards Almanack: http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/PoorRichardsAlmanack.html

Education Elementary Education Higher Education Ministry Physicians The Old Deluder Act & Massachusetts School Law (1647) Middle Colonies: private or church schools South: limited; owner’s children on plantations Higher Education Sectarian Colleges: Harvard (1636) William and Mary (1694) Yale (1701) New Light Colleges: Princeton, Columbia, Brown, Rutgers, & Dartmouth First Liberal Arts College: Pennsylvania (1765) Ministry Physicians Lawyers Harvard: http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/outlines/history-1963/the-colonial-period/how-they-were-schooled.php

Colonial Folkways The Press Rural Life Influence of the Enlightenment Newspapers Zenger Trial (1735) Rural Life Reliance on Seasons Entertainment (wealthy): Card-playing, horse-racing Influence of the Enlightenment Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau Emergence of a National Character “Freedoms” Zenger Trial: http://www.gailjarrow.com/zenger.html

Politics Structure of Government Local Governments Voting 8 Royal 3 Proprietary 2 Popularly Elected (CT, RI) All had bicameral legislatures Local Governments Town meetings Counties/parishes Voting Restrictions Removal of religious restrictions House of Burgesses: http://bearingdrift.com/2012/11/18/happy-great-charter-day/0009707-rm-tmh-07-30-2011/

Analysis: Historical Perspectives Was colonial America “democratic”? In favor: Opposed: New England Town Meetings Universal manhood suffrage? Class did not determine voting rights Little political conflict nor debate Limited voting rights Emergence and dominance of new elite

Tension & Conflict Class Tensions: Slave Revolts Bacon’s Rebellion: Virginia (1676) Coode’s Rebellion: Maryland (1689) Leisler’s Rebellion New York (1690) Tenant Riots New Jersey (1746) Vermont (1760) New York (1765-6) Paxton Boys: Pennsylvania (1760’s) The Regulators: Carolinas (1760) Slave Revolts Stono Rebellion (1739) New York Conspiracy (1741) Regulator Movement: http://www.earlyamerica.com/early-america-review/volume-13/regulator-movement-2/