Select form of business ownership WEEK 4 BUSINESS OWNERSHIP TYPES Select form of business ownership

Objectives Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the most common types of business ownership.

Three basic forms of business ownership https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-k1nkB-ZWMQ Your choice depends on your needs & goals Sole proprietorship Partnership Corporation

Sole proprietorship A business owned and operated by one person.

Advantages of sole proprietorships Easy and inexpensive to create. Unless you need certification or local permits, government intervention is minimal Owner makes all business decisions & has control over all aspects of the business. Flexibility in scheduling to meet owner’s needs

Advantages of sole proprietorships cont. Owner receives all profits. Privacy – owner is the only one who knows details of the business Secret ideas, formulas, or recipes Ability to act quickly in making decisions – no checking with others

Advantages of sole proprietorships cont. Tax advantages Business itself pays no taxes Taxes are paid as personal income of owner which is usually lower than corporate taxes Many business expenses are deductible Easy to close/dissolve Pay employees and creditors Sell your equipment Notify customers if possible

Disadvantages of sole proprietorships Owner has unlimited liability for all debts and actions of the business. Unlimited liability: The debts of the business may be paid from the personal assets of the owner. If you cannot pay business debt with business income, bill collectors can take your personal assets (home, car) Difficult to raise capital. Banks/lenders consider sole proprietorships to be a high- risk investment Needs include paying employees, purchasing equipment & inventory, & running the business Expansions can be delayed or halted causing you to lose business to your competition

Disadvantages of sole proprietorships Sole proprietorship is limited by his/her skills and abilities. Uncertain life You are “it” – illness or injury that prevents you from working may cause you to close Bankruptcy or incarceration will dissolve your business The death of the owner automatically dissolves the business.

Partnership A form of business ownership in which two or more people share the assets, liabilities, and profits.

Advantages of partnerships Fairly easy & inexpensive to start May pay attorney if you develop a partnership agreement Combined resources Team with partners with different skills, experience, contacts, & capital Sharing responsibilities makes business run more efficiently & smoothly Increase the amount of capital to run the business. Lenders may be more willing to lend or extend credit Decreased Competition Combining like businesses will decrease or eliminate competition

Advantages of partnerships cont. Reduced expenses When two or more businesses combine expenses are no longer being duplicated Ex. promotion, office space, supplies, utilities Business losses are shared by all partners. The partnership does not pay income tax on profits. Each partner pays income tax on her/his individual share of the profit

Disadvantages of partnerships Unlimited liability Each owner in a general partnership has unlimited liability. Each partner can lose personal assets to pay business debt In a limited partnership, the liability is limited to the amount invested in the business Limited Capital Although partners may bring more capital to the business than sole proprietors, it is still limited to what each can contribute Some lenders may still be reluctant to lend large amounts Difficulty in ending Withdrawing can be complicated if there is no written partnership agreement By law profits must be divided equally if no agreement

Disadvantages of partnerships cont. Partnerships may lead to disagreements. May disagree on business goals, finances, responsibilities, & division of profits Can affect the efficiency of the business, morale of employees, & success or failure of the venture Developing a detailed partnership agreement often helps resolve the conflict because it addresses many issues that cause potential disagreements In 1916, the U.S. government developed the Uniform Partnership Act (updated in 1997) which serves as a guide for legally formulating a general partnership agreement A limited partnership is more formal & specific in nature & is governed by the Uniform Limited Partnership Act (ULPA)

Disadvantages of partnerships cont. Uncertain life/Transferability Unless specified in a detailed partnership agreement, bankruptcy, death & the withdrawal or admittance of a new partner dissolves the partnership Remaining partners may start a new partnership if they have the money to buy the former partner’s share

Corporation A business that is chartered by a state and legally operates apart from its owners. Owned by stockholders who have purchased units or shares of the company

Types of corporations C-corporation: The most common form of corporation. It protects the entrepreneur from being personally sued for the actions and debts of the corporation Subchapter S corporation: A corporation that is taxed like a sole proprietorship or partnership. Nonprofit corporation: Legal entities that make money for reasons other than the owner’s profit. Limited Liability Company (LLC): A form of business ownership that provides limited liability and tax advantages.

Advantages of corporations Financial Power Can raise money quickly by issuing shares of stock. Because it is closely regulated by the government, financial institutions are more willing to lend larger amounts of capital Limited Liability Owners are liable only up to the amount of their investments. Personal assets cannot be used to pay business debt Unlimited life May exist indefinitely The death or withdrawal of an owner/stockholder does not affect the life span of the corporation

Advantages of corporations cont. Easy-to-transfer ownership Ownership simply transferred by selling stock to someone else New stock certificate is issued in the name of new stockholder. No permission is required by others The business can hire experts to professionally manage each aspect of the business. Can result in a more efficiently run organization

Disadvantages of corporations Difficulty in forming & operating Legal assistance is needed to start a corporation Lawyer fees can be very expensive Must request approval from the State & register the Articles of Incorporation Decisions about value & class of stock & shareholder voting rights Corporations are subject to more government regulations than partnerships or sole proprietorships. Reporting & taxation requirements vary from state to state Required to keep detailed reports for stockholders & to keep them informed of certain corporate transactions, meetings, & voting rights New charter must be approved if corporate activities change

Disadvantages of corporations Dual taxation Corporation is taxed on profits from the company Shareholders are taxed on the dividends they earn on their investments Separate owners & managers Stockholders are not generally involved in the day-to-day operation of the corporation Stockholders form a board of directors to make decisions about the business & managers carry out these decisions Separation of ownership & management provides more opportunity for irregularities or misunderstandings

Hybrid forms of Business Ownership Limited Liability Company (LLC) Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Both combine various elements of sole proprietorships, partnerships, & corporations into one package

Advantages of Hybrid Businesses Cost to start & operate Generally less expensive than corporations No dual taxation - requires less paperwork & regulation LLPs are designed for business professionals such as lawyers & doctors Partners might need to carry a required amount of liability insurance Limited Liability Personal assets cannot be used to pay business debt Owners (members) lose only what they have invested in the business if it fails

Advantages of Hybrid Businesses cont. Taxation LLCs & LLPs pay taxes on personal income-tax returns Since they are not considered separate entities (like corporations) they are not subject to dual taxation Combined resources Often have more owners & tend to have a wider pool of financial resources, skills, talents, & contacts Life span Hybrids are required to dissolve after a specific time period Depending on the state registered in, usually between 30 & 40 years Owners can decide if they want to reorganize or let it dissolve

Advantages of Hybrid Businesses cont. Flexibility Number of members permitted in LLCs are unlimited Sub S corporations must have 100 or fewer shareholders Most states require only one member to establish a business as a hybrid Members are permitted to run the company or to allow others to manage it Membership changes do not automatically dissolve the company

Disadvantages of hybrids Requirements & laws to establish & operate hybrids vary from state to state Problematic for businesses that operate in more than one state No universal guidelines from state to state Verification of each state’s statutes can be costly

THE LIFE CYCLE OF A BUSINESS

LIFE CYCLE OF A BUSINESS Every business goes through 4 basic stage before it reaches full maturity. Stages 3 and 4 tend to continue to occur in mature companies.

LIFE CYCLE OF A BUSINESS A. CONCEPTUAL/ ESTABLISHMENT STAGE B. START-UP/GROWTH STAGE C. STABILIZATION STAGE D. Post-MATURITY STAGE

The four phases of the business life cycle There are four phases of the business life cycle: establishment growth maturity post-maturity.

A. CONCEPTUAL STAGE This stage is divided into four steps: 1. HAVING AN IDEA or RECOGNIZING AN OPPORTUNITY: Opportunities are found where needs or problems exist. The need or the problem is the opportunity. The skill of identifying these needs or problems is a skill that can be developed when one becomes aware of their surroundings.

A. CONCEPTUAL STAGE 2. ANALYSING THE IDEA Gather information and ask questions designed to assess the opportunity. 3. ORGANIZING THE RESOURCES Weigh the money-making potential against the costs of its start up and maintenance. 4. MOBILIZING THE RESOURCES Prepare for day-to-day running of business. (i.e., rent space). Once this stage is complete business is born

A. CONCEPTUAL STAGE THE ULTIMATE SUCCESS OF ANY VENTURE IS DETERMINED BY HOW WELL THE ENTREPRENEURS EXECUTE THE FOUR STEPS OF THE CONCEPTUAL STAGE. THE CONCEPTUAL STAGE CAN TAKE A FEW WEEKS, BUT ON AVERAGE, 6 – 9 MONTHS

B. THE START-UP STAGE Vision is tested Business Plan needs revision because everything usually takes longer and cost more to implement than was originally planned. MOST CRUCIAL stage in the life cycle BACK TO THE DRAWING BOARD!!!

C. STABILIZATION STAGE When a business reaches stabilization, the cash flow is relatively stable and the financial statements may start showing a profit. It is during this period that an organization’s structure begins to take shape.

D. POST-MATURITY STAGE Entrepreneur decides if they want to take business beyond the stabilization stage. Re-enters planning mode & may require additional financing. Needs long-term strategies May start delegating tasks to others. May need more of the following: structure, employees, funds, expansion. Advertising budgets & new technology become important to stay competitive May end up closing/downsizing .

The four phases of the business life cycle (cont.) Post-maturity phase The post-maturity phase is the final stage of the business life cycle. There are four very different stages in the post-maturity phase: steady state, decline, renewal and cessation

The four phases of the business life cycle (cont.) Cessation Cessation refers to the closure of a business. Voluntary cessation occurs when the owner of a business decides to cease the operations of the business. Involuntary cessation occurs when the closure of the business is forced on the owner. The most common cause of involuntary cessation is the inability of the business to repay its debt.

The four phases of the business life cycle (cont.) Bankruptcy Bankruptcy occurs when a sole trader or business partnership is unable to repay the financial obligations (debt) of the business. A business will enter liquidation when an independent party is appointed by the court to sell the assets of the business so as to recover all outstanding debt owing to the business’s creditors.