Ventilatory and cerebrovascular responses to hyperoxic hypercapnia. Ventilatory and cerebrovascular responses to hyperoxic hypercapnia. Individual (solid lines) and mean values (symbols) for the a) ventilatory (circles) and b) cerebrovascular (squares) responses to hyperoxic hypercapnia in young healthy subjects (Younger), older healthy subjects (Older) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, at baseline (closed symbols) and with vitamin C (open symbols). Note the increased ventilatory response in COPD patients following vitamin C infusion. Symbols represent group means and whiskers represent 95% confidence intervals. *: p≤0.05 for baseline versus vitamin C. Sara E. Hartmann et al. ERJ Open Res 2015;1:00017-2015 ©2015 by European Respiratory Society