Teacher Resource Supplement to “Schoolhouse Activists” Lecture Tondra L. Loder-Jackson The University of Alabama at Birmingham “Stony the Road We Trod”: Exploring Alabama’s Civil Rights Legacy NEH Summer Teacher Institute July 23, 2018

Birmingham Education Timeline 1863 – Emancipation Proclamation; 1st school for freed Blacks established in (Huntsville) Alabama 1865 – Civil War ended; Freedmen’s Bureau (FB) established; FB & American Missionary Association (AMA) promote Black education. 1867-78 – Black Reconstructionist legislators fight to establish public schools for Black children in Alabama; Booker T. Washington embarks on ambitious rural Black school development. Schoolhouse Activists

Birmingham Education Timeline 1871 – Birmingham is founded 1874 – 1st Birmingham public elementary school for White children 1876-77 – Black community efforts to establish “Free” Colored School 1881 – Booker T. Washington et al. founded Tuskegee Institute 1883 – 1st Birmingham public elementary school for Black children 1900 – 1st public high school for Black children Industrial High School for Negroes, later named A. H. Parker High School Schoolhouse Activists

Birmingham Education Timeline 1903 – Carrie Tuggle et al. founded Tuggle Institute 1900s-1930s – New schools erected 1940s – Teacher salary equalization cases 1954 – Brown v. Board of Education 1955 – Brown v. Board of Education, II 1957 – Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth & family attempt to integrate Phillips High School (now Phillips Academy) 1963 – Graymont, Ramsay, & West End schools desegregated 1963-1983 – Four integration plans enacted Schoolhouse Activists

Birmingham Education Timeline 1983-present – Resegregation District splintering https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/magazine/the-resegregation-of-jefferson-county.html School choice Schoolhouse Activists

Schoolhouse Activists Arthur Harold Parker http://www.bplonline.org/resources/exhibits/ParkerA.H/gallery/parker/index.html Schoolhouse Activists

Carrie Tuggle: The “Female Booker T. Washington” https://bplonline.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/search/searchterm/carrie%20tuggle Schoolhouse Activists

White Advocates for Black Education John Herbert Phillips http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/m-4061 Samuel Ullman https://www.uab.edu/ullmanmuseum/biography Schoolhouse Activists

Archival & Oral History Resources Alabama Department of Archives & History http://www.archives.alabama.gov/research.html Birmingham Civil Rights Institute www.bcri.org Birmingham Public Library http://www.bplonline.org/virtual/ See “Booker T. Washington & The Shiloh Baptist Church Tragedy” http://www.bplonline.org/resources/exhibits/Shiloh/default.htm Duke University https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/uarchives Schoolhouse Activists

Archival & Oral History Resources National Council for the Social Studies https://www.socialstudies.org/teacherslibrary/how-do-it-oral-history-projects https://www.socialstudies.org/publications/ssyl/september-october2010/using_oral_history_in_the_elementary_school_classroom Primary Research & Writing: People, Places, & Spaces, Lynn Lewis Gaillet & Michelle F. Eble https://www.routledge.com/Primary-Research-and-Writing-People-Places-and-Spaces/Gaillet-Eble/p/book/9781138785571 Southern Oral History Program http://sohp.org/ http://sohp.org/resources-2/ Schoolhouse Activists

CRM & Black History Resources AFT https://www.aft.org/education/classroom-resources-teach-about-civil-rights-and-social-justice Birmingham Civil Rights Institute (BCRI) Curriculum Guide https://www.bcri.org/curriculum-guide/ MSU Milestones in Black History http://libguides.lib.msu.edu/c.php?g=95622&p=624423 Oral History Resources for Teachers http://www.oralhistory.org/education/ PBS https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/civil/#.WzTuEdJKiM8 Teaching Tolerance https://www.tolerance.org/magazine/publications/civil-rights-done-right Schoolhouse Activists

Schoolhouse Activists CRM & LGBTQ Bayard Rustin I Must Resist: Bayard Rustin’s Life in Letters Brother Outsider: The Life of Bayard Rustin, http://www.pbs.org/pov/brotheroutsider/ James Baldwin I Am Not Your Negro, http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/films/i-am-not-your-negro/ Lorraine Hansberry, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/lorraine-hansberry-sighted-eyes-feeling-heart-biography/9877/ Schoolhouse Activists

Schoolhouse Activists CRM & LGBTQ Activists Supporting Gay Rights Reverend Joseph Lowery Congressman John Lewis Julian Bond Reverend Jesse Jackson Reverend William Barber Reverend Al Sharpton Schoolhouse Activists

Tips on Unearthing Oral Histories Begin with your personal network – family, friends, neighbors, civic groups, etc. Talk to local educators. Visit school warehouses & storage rooms. Acquaint yourself with archivists at libraries (don’t forget your own alumni institutions!), museums, and historic sites. Research digital archives. Attend community forums. Embark on your own oral history project. Schoolhouse Activists

Schoolhouse Activists Reflection Questions What parallels do you observe between educators’ involvement in the Alabama CRM compared to educators in your own state or region? Compare and contrast the role of Black teacher associations and post-Brown integrated teacher associations such as NEA and AFT. What was gained? What was lost? Teachers today are organizing – many of them, independent of union affiliations. Is this is a positive or negative sign? How long can this organic type of organizing be sustained? (Also consider in light of the recent Supreme Court’s recent Janus ruling striking down non-union-member mandatory dues.) Schoolhouse Activists

Schoolhouse Activists Contact Information Tondra L. Loder-Jackson, Ph.D. Professor (Fall ‘18), Educational Foundations Program Secondary Appointment, African American Studies Program UAB School of Education Department of Human Studies EB 207, 1720 2nd AVE South Birmingham, AL 35294-1250 E-mail: tloder@uab.edu Web page: http://www.uab.edu/education/home/faculty-directory/36-tondra-l-loder-jackson Office phone: (205) 934-8304 Schoolhouse Activists