Jefferson, Madison, and the War of 1812 America at 1800 Jefferson, Madison, and the War of 1812

By 1796, two clearly defined and conflicting political philosophies emerged in the United States: the Federalists, under the influence of Alexander Hamilton and the Republicans, under the guidance of Thomas Jefferson. Which philosophy best represents the ideals for which the American Revolution was fought?

Quiz: Jefferson How are Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans different from Hamiltonian Federalists? Vision of society and View of Constitution Explain how the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions are a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Quiz: Jefferson's Presidency America at 1800-1850 Massive Growth- in what areas? Revolution of 1800- Federalists lose Republican Values Reduction of the Federal Government and Federal Debt “Less is more” The Supreme Court under John Marshall Marbury vs. Madison Louisiana Purchase Burr conspiracy Neutral rights Impressment Embargo

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Test items Republican Vision/Jefferson/embargo/reduce the budget Revolution of Jefferson/overturn Federal policies Jefferson/a great politician Ended internal taxes Government spending National debt Jefferson and the court Judiciary act of 1801 Mabry Vs. Madison Louisiana Purchase reasons Aaron Burr War of 1812 causes, War Hawks/Clay/Calhoun/ Tecumseh’s goals

Essay Question The War of 1812 was foisted upon an unwilling nation by a Congress controlled by a group of congressmen called the “War Hawks” whose main goal was the conquest of Canada. Assess the validity of this statement using the documents and your knowledge of US History

Republican Agenda 1790’s Thomas Jefferson Not elitist like Federalist Believed in the “Common Man” Reacting against the philosophy of the Federalists and Hamilton Pro-French, French Revolution as a great movement toward democracy Believed in the strength of the small farmer Wants to reduce the size of the Federal Government Regarding the National Bank Federal Government had no authority to create the National Bank A strict interpretation of Constitution. The constitution did not address or allow Hamilton said, the constitution allows all laws that are necessary, known as the Elastic Clause Believed in concepts of the States vs. Federal Gov

Sectionalism Developing Northeast- Manufacturing=want to send goods West Western Farmers agriculture=want to send goods East Problem of Transportation= roads, canals, river transportation important-1800-1850 building transportation networks. Problem: Spain controls mouth of Mississippi until the French reacquire Louisiana under Napoleon and US make the Louisiana Purchase-1803

American Growth New Century Census office 1801- 5.3 million people 1820= 9.5 mill 33% ? growth rate each decade Rapid Economic growth Commercial and Geographic expansion Cities- 1820 New York + 100,000 Philadelphia + 100,000 75% Pop Rural 5% in cities 20% in towns People moving west in search of farm land Ohio, Mississippi Valley

Quiz: 1800-1850 Acquisition of Territory States to the Union Population Growth Immigration West Ward Shift of Population Urbanization Miles of Roads Miles of Railroads Industry The South

Jefferson Presidency 1801-1809 Lawyer, diplomat, scientist, philosopher Interested in Agriculture Supported innovations and technology “Where a new invention is supported by well-known principles, and promises to be useful, it ought to be tried.” “I think this is the most extraordinary collection of talent, of human knowledge, that has ever been gathered at the White House - with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone.” JFK

How is Jefferson’s Election “Revolutionary” or the Revolution of 1800? Peaceful transfer of power- was not common It was a watershed for the Republic in that the opposing political parties would cooperate with a change in leadership Some will say, changes Jefferson advocates will be revolutionary. Jefferson as a common man- open to common people Wants to remove the Federalist program and reduce the size of the Federal government

“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”

Jefferson’s Social Vision Wanted to see individuals own land Land was the key to democracy- didn’t believe that cities and industry were ideal Recognized manufacturing was necessary “The cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens”

Jefferson’s Plan Wanted to return governing power to the states Economics- Thought Federalist enacted too many protective tariffs – that hurt farmer and favored merchants Hated the national debt- $112 million by 1801 Gallatin was his Secretary of Treasury- proposed cutting spending to balance the budget Federal jobs, military, navy budget cut End internal taxes/excise taxes

Quiz: Jefferson and the Court Judiciary Act of 1801 John Marshall Marbury v Madison Judicial Review

Speaking of “Midnight Judges” Republican from Kentucky called Adams’s tactics "the last effort of the most wicked, insidious and turbulent faction that ever disgraced our political annals."

Jefferson vs. The Court A Federalist law is passed, Judiciary Act 1801 Created 16 new Federal judgeships Adams appointed a number of judges before he left office (Midnight Appointments) Jefferson pushes republican controlled congress to repeal the act and not seat Federalist judges However the Supreme Court is packed with Federalist and will rule against Republican issues

John Marshall Chief Justice 1801-1835 link Appointed as Chief Justice during last days of Adams' term Most important Chief Justice in U.S. history; served for about 34 years Molded or developed the power of the Judiciary

John Marshall Chief Justice 1801-1835 link Key leader, “non-partisan” Federalist Strengthened the Federal Government- at expense of states Advanced the interests of the rich Supported the legality of contracts Supported the concept of Federal government supremacy over states Dartmouth Case- overrode a state court

Marbury vs Madison, 1803 Link "Midnight judge" William Marbury sued (on the behalf of several other judges) for the delivery of his commission that was being held up by the new Secretary of State Madison. Madison was ordered by Jefferson to withhold appointments of Judiciary Act o 1801         Marbury asked the Supreme Court should force the president to give him his job. The Judiciary Act of 1789 said Court had a the power to compel the executive to act… Marshall said 1789 Act Congress gave too much authority to Court…by giving the Court the right to enforce appointments (only the executive branch had right to enforce the law) Ruling established a precedent Supreme Court power to rule a law by Congress unconstitutional Judicial Review (the concept that the Supreme Court can rule laws unconstitutional)

Marshall Marshall Said: “Marbury had a right to the commission but- the court had no authority to order Madison to deliver it.”

Marshall Court Marbury v. Madison 1803 Fletcher v. Peck 1810 Separation of Powers, Judicial Review Fletcher v. Peck 1810 Federalism, Supremacy of National Law, Contracts, State Legislatures cannot break contracts McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 Federalism, Supremacy, Elastic Clause, BUS, State can not tax Federal institution, Dartmouth College v. Woodward 1819 Federalism, Supremacy, Contract Law- State Legislatures can not negate contracts Cohens v. Virginia 1821 Federalism, Supremacy, State Court Ruling is appealed to Supreme Court, Feds have Supremacy over state court rulings Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 Supremacy of National Law, Federalism, Interstate Commerce can not be restricted by state law Worcester v Georgia 1832 Federalism- Supremacy, Indians Are separate, jurisdiction is Federal not state, (Johnson v. Macintosh 1823- Indians- only Feds can take or buy Indian land)

Louisiana Purchase 1801 France again controls the Louisiana Territory Jefferson wants to expand US territory Sends James Monroe to France to Negotiate the purchase of New Orleans because French tried to close the port to Western farmers Monroe signed the deal with Napoleon 1803 The deal created a dilemma for Jefferson, he believed in strict interpretation of Constitution, which means the government only does what the Constitution says it should do. Contrast to Hamilton's Elastic Clause assertion

Toussaint L’Overture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture

Burr Conspiracy Burr, a scoundrel, and traitor- Killed Hamilton in 1804 (Federalists essentially die with hammy) Jefferson broke with Burr early- Burr became involved with a group of Federalists to create a separate country 1st with New York and NJ then later involving Mexico. (to secede) Jefferson has Burr prosecuted, Burr is tried in the Marshall court, very political Marshall finds him not guilty Burr eventually goes to Europe.

War of 1812 Quiz Choose three of the following: What was the Embargo Who wanted it and why? Who were the “War Hawks” List three mains causes of the War of 1812- What role did Andrew Jackson play in the War of 1812

Winds of War Longtime problem of American merchant ships being seized and sailors forcibly impressed into service by British Navy, continues 1793-1811 1,000 sailors were removed from US ships by British Chesapeake Leopard incident- Jefferson/Republicans respond with the Embargo Act of 1807- stopping all trade- Results in immediate disaster American agriculture prices fall-over supply- Smuggling begins and Jefferson tries to suppress with Navy and Troops

“Ograbme”

Jefferson to Madison Embargo didn’t work Jefferson never ended the national debt Madison, Jefferson’s Secretary of State, in 1809-1816, is elected and Jefferson, before leaving office, asks Congress to repeal the Embargo and replace it with Non-Intercourse Act

Madison 1809-1816 Republican, Jefferson’s Secretary of State Picked up where Jefferson left off Trying to deal with European conflicts British interference with trade continued-seizures and impressments Western incitement of Indians

Madison 1808-1816 Non-Intercourse Act 1809- in an effort to repair damage by the embargo Congress passes law to prohibit trade with Britain and France, but allow trade with other countries Americans want Neutral Trading Rights

War of 1812 Stuff you need to know! War Hawks Invasion of Canada Hartford Convention Conduct of the war Treaty of Ghent New Orleans

War of 1812 Causes War Hawks- American Nationalists- legislators advocated war with Britain to regain American trade secure Western lands (kill Indians) invade Canada Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky Congressman John C. Calhoun of South Carolina Blamed Great Britain for inciting the Indians in Ohio

The Call for War "I believe... it is necessary, war or abject submission are the only alternative left us. I am forced from my hobby, peace." – Jefferson “Sir, is the time never to arrive, when we may manage our own affairs without the fear of insulting his Britannic majesty? Is the rod of British power to be forever suspended over our heads? No man in the nation wants peace more than I; but I prefer the troubled ocean of war... with all its calamities... to the tranquil and putrescent pool of ignominious peace!“ Henry Clay

Ohio Indian Trouble White settlement of Ohio increases 1800=5600 1810= 24, 500 1820=147,000 Indian Tribes pushed West are angry about treaties and White settlement

Quiz: War of 1812 Who was Tecumseh- what should we know about him? Hartford Convention- What was it? What group participated in it? What did they want to do?

Frontier Video Two Tribal leaders, The “Prophet” Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh Shawnee twin brothers- wanted their people to resist the white invasion and live separately They try to form an Indian confederation to resist white settlement William Henry Harrison and the US Army kill “Prophet” at “Prophet’s Town” in the Battle of Tippecanoe 1811 Americans believe the British are helping the Indians from forts in the Ohio valley

Madison Wins Election 1812 June 1812 War is Declared Federalist against the war but out voted by Western and Southern Republicans (War Hawks) Americans Invade of Canada Through Detroit Great Lakes Oliver Hazard Perry- defeats a British fleet Lake Erie “We have met the enemy and they are ours...two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop." The victory secured the Great Lakes region for the United States and ended the threat of invasion from that quarter. But few lasting effects

Presidential Election of 1812

Military Issues British Invade through the Chessapeake and burn Washington D.C. Hero Andrew Jackson- defeats Creek indians in the Mississippi area and then goes on to defend Jan. 1815 New Orleans from invasion- great victory will bring him national prominence

Fort McHenry, Baltimore Harbor, Star Spangled Banner Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thru the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

Battle of New Orleans

Yeah, they ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go. They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.** We fired our cannon 'til the barrel melted down. So we grabbed an alligator and we fought another round. We filled his head with cannon balls, and powdered his behind And when we touched the powder off, the gator lost his mind. Yeah, they ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go. They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.** In 1814 we took a little trip Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip. We took a little bacon and we took a little beans And we caught the bloody British in the town of New Orleans. We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin. There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago. We fired once more and they began to runnin' on Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. We looked down the river and we see'd the British come. And there must have been a hundred of'em beatin' on the drum. They stepped so high and they made the bugles ring. We stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a thing. Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surprise If we didn't fire our muskets 'til we looked 'em in the eye We held our fire 'til we see'd their faces well. Then we opened up with squirrel guns and really gave 'em ... well

British Strategy during the War of 1812 1) Fight Americans along U.S.-Canadian border 2) Attack U.S. At Washington, D.C. 3) Fight in the South

Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent, (Belgium) signed December 1814- British evacuate the Ohio Valley, no major consequences Indians lose, usually move West , lose large areas of land- in Northwest Rush-Bagot Agreement- de-militarized the Great Lakes

Hartford Convention 1814 (Connecticut) Federalist opposition delegates from New England meet to discuss complaints regarding the War and the Republican leadership Some argue for secession After the War Federalist are marginalized even more than before.

Quiz: Madison’s Economic Plans Summarize the two major economic initiatives Madison supported-

The Madisonian Platform After the War there is a huge feeling of Nationalism- The idea of loyalty or devotion to a nation, or Pride in one’s country, usually excessive Madison unveils a program to develop the country through the leadership of the Federal Government: Military, banking, protective tariffs, internal improvements (roads, canals), and a national university

Madison’s Platform Military Banking- Chartering the Second Bank of the United States -first bank, time ran out and paper money issued caused inflation Bank is created 1816- became economically strong McCullah vs. Maryland- Marshall-ruled that the Bank was legal and states could not tax it. Protective Tariff- During Embargo, manufacturing in Northeast develops, Brits produce more goods, cheaper, and faster Textile industrialists, (Lowell) support tariff Even Calhoun of South Carolina, supported the tariff, because of nationalistic or patriotic reasons.