Revolutions in the Arts 8.4 Revolutions in the Arts Artistic and intellectual movements both reflect and fuel changes in Europe during the 1800s. Monet, Impression, Sunrise, 1872

The Romantic Movement In literature: In music, composers: Romanticism Focus on nature, emotion, individuality linked to folk traditions and nationalism In literature: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (German) Victor Hugo (French) Gothic novels—horror stories in medieval castles Shelly’s Frankenstein poets believe nature is source of beauty Friedrich, The wander above the sea of fog, 1818 In music, composers: abandon Enlightenment style emphasize emotion Ludwig van Beethoven Friedrich, Cloister Graveyard in the Snow, 1810

The Shift to Realism in the Arts Realism—style showing life as it actually is Reaction against romanticism working class and social inequalities Courbet, Millet Photography Captures Reality Capture precise moment with scientific precision Daguerreotypes—earliest photographs Talbot invents negative—copies can be mass produced Millet, The Gleaners, 1857 Writers Study Society Authors write about society, class struggles Dickens Balzac Zola Writings spark reforms in working conditions Daguerre, The Louvre from the Left Bank of the Seine, 1839

Impressionists React Against Realism Impressionism—art style that captures immediate “impression” reaction against realism focused on: light industrialization rising middle class (performers, shopkeepers, cafes…) leading impressionists: Monet Degas Renoir Monet, Gare St-Lazare, 1877 NEXT