Climate Dynamics 11:670:461 Alan Robock robock@envsci.rutgers.edu Lecture 9, 10/3/13 Climate Dynamics 11:670:461 Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey USA robock@envsci.rutgers.edu http://envsci.rutgers.edu/~robock

Fig. 5.3

Climatological annual mean energy budget for 2000–2005 (W/m2) Climatological annual mean energy budget for 2000–2005 (W/m2). (Trenberth & Fasullo, 2011) https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/budgets-mass-moisture-energy

Global, annual average heat balance (W/m2) Fig. 5.4

Planetary albedo (a) is the average reflectivity of the Earth = 102/341 = 0.30 Climatological annual mean energy budget for 2000–2005 (W/m2). (Trenberth & Fasullo, 2011) https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/budgets-mass-moisture-energy

Total = 341 W m‑2 – (239 + 102) W m‑2 = 0 W m‑2 Outer Space: Total = 341 W m‑2 – (239 + 102) W m‑2 = 0 W m‑2 Climatological annual mean energy budget for 2000–2005 (W/m2). (Trenberth & Fasullo, 2011) https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/budgets-mass-moisture-energy

Total = 341.3 W m‑2 – (238.5 + 101.9) W m‑2 = -0.9 W m‑2 Outer Space: Total = 341.3 W m‑2 – (238.5 + 101.9) W m‑2 = -0.9 W m‑2 Climatological annual mean energy budget for 2000–2005 (W/m2). (Trenberth & Fasullo, 2011) https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/budgets-mass-moisture-energy

Total = (78 + 17 + 80 + 374) W m‑2 - (187 + 30 + 333) W m‑2 = -1 W m‑2 Atmosphere: Total = (78 + 17 + 80 + 374) W m‑2 - (187 + 30 + 333) W m‑2 = -1 W m‑2 Climatological annual mean energy budget for 2000–2005 (W/m2). (Trenberth & Fasullo, 2011) https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/budgets-mass-moisture-energy

Total = (161 + 333) W m‑2 - (17 + 80 + 396) W m‑2 = 1 W m‑2 Surface: Total = (161 + 333) W m‑2 - (17 + 80 + 396) W m‑2 = 1 W m‑2 T = 255 K T = 288 K Greenhouse effect Climatological annual mean energy budget for 2000–2005 (W/m2). (Trenberth & Fasullo, 2011) https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/budgets-mass-moisture-energy

Annual average incident solar radiation (W/m2) Annual average absorbed solar radiation at top of atmosphere (W/m2) Fig. 5.5

Planetary albedo (%) Fig. 5.6

Dependence of water albedo on solar zenith angle, θZ Fig. 5.7

Annual mean outgoing longwave radiation (W/m2) Fig. 5.8

Net radiation at top of atmosphere (W/m2) Fig. 5.9

Net radiation at top of atmosphere (W/m2) Fig. 5.9

Solar radiation absorbed at surface, SABS (W/m2) Fig. 5.10

Outgoing longwave radiation at surface, esT4 (W/m2) Fig. 5.11a

Downward back radiation at surface, FBACK (W/m2) Fig. 5.11b

Sensible heat flux at surface, HS (W/m2) Fig. 5.12a

Latent heat flux at surface, HL (W/m2) Fig. 5.12b

Horizontal and vertical heat fluxes at surface, FH + FV (W/m2) Fig. 5.13

A thermally direct circulation Fig. 7.1

Annual mean, zonal mean meridional (m/s) and vertical velocities (interval 5 x 10-3 Pa/s) Fig. 7.2

Zonal mean stream function (x 1010 kg/s), positive is clockwise. Fig. 7.3

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7p.html

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7p.html

http://www.geogonline.org.uk/g3a_ki2.1.htm

http://www. personal. psu http://www.personal.psu.edu/czn115/blogs/meteo241/2010/10/e-portfolio-2.html