Water Movements. Laminar and Turbulent Flow Reynolds Number (Re) Laminar Re 4000.

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Presentation transcript:

Water Movements

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Reynolds Number (Re) Laminar Re 4000

Turbulence is significant in: conduction of heat (eddy conduction) diffusion of dissolved substances (eddy diffusion) viscosity (eddy viscosity)

Surface Waves

Deep Water Wave

Water Movement in a Surface Wave

Shallow Water Waves

Fetch

Lake Thunderbird

Whitecaps on Lake Michigan

Langmuir Circulation

Causes of Surface Currents Wind Change in atmospheric pressure Horizontal density gradients Influx of water

Surface Currents in Lake Erie

Rip Current in Lake Erie

Currents in a Stratified Lake Layers remain stable if the shearing force between them is low; Richardson number (Ri) remains higher than 0.25.

Coriolis Effect on water movement

Thermal Bars

Formation of a Seiche

Bimodal Seiche

Seiche on Lake Erie

Seiche traces from different parts of Lake Huron

Inflow and outflow in Galich Lake

Lake Sam Reyburn, TX

Richardson number = shearing force between layers From Fernandez and Imberger (2006)

Table 7-1 Velocity (cm/sec)SubstrateDiameter range (mm) 3-20Silt, mud, organic debris< Fine sand Coarse sand to fine gravel0.5 – Small - large gravel8 – Large cobbles to boulders>128

Movement of Water in a Stream Channel

Run and Riffle

Standing Wave in Stream

Standing waves on the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon

Discharge and Gage Height

RiversReservoirsNatural Lakes Water-level Fluctuations Large, rapid, irregular; flooding Large, irregularSmall, stable InflowRunoff from surface irregular and seasonal; groundwater stable From river and tributaries; internal flows complex From low order streams, groundwater OutflowDischarge irregularHighly irregularStable; outflow shallow and groundwater Flushing RateRapid, unidirectional, horizontal Short, variable (weeks) Long, years