Progressive thermopreconditioning attenuates rat cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury by mitochondria-mediated antioxidant and antiapoptotic mechanisms

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Progressive thermopreconditioning attenuates rat cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury by mitochondria-mediated antioxidant and antiapoptotic mechanisms Chen-Yen Chien, MD, Chiang-Ting Chien, PhD, Shoei-Shen Wang, MD The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Volume 148, Issue 2, Pages 705-713 (August 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.12.065 Copyright © 2014 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 The responses of cardiac (A) heat shock protein (HSP)70, (B) HSP32, (C) Bcl-2, (D) Bcl-xL, and (E) MnSOD expression in the control rats (Con), after single-cycle progressive thermal preconditioning (PTP) for 24 hours (1-24) and 72 hours (1-72) or after 3 consecutive cycles of PTP 24 hours (3-24) and 72 hours (3-72). *P < .05 compared with the Con group. MnSOD, Manganese superoxide dismutase. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 148, 705-713DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.12.065) Copyright © 2014 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 A, Setup for heart reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement. The exposed heart of the artificially ventilated rats was placed under the detector area for measurement of cardiac ROS. The (B) original data and (C) statistical data of the ROS from the heart in the sham-control group (Sham), cardiac ischemia/reperfusion group (I/R), cardiac ischemia/reperfusion after single-cycle progressive thermal preconditioning (PTP) for 72 hours (I/R+1-72), cardiac ischemia/reperfusion after 3 consecutive cycles of PTP for 24 hours (I/R+3-24), and cardiac ischemia/reperfusion after 3 consecutive cycles of PTP for 72 hours (I/R+3-72) are shown. *P < .05 compared with the sham-control group. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 148, 705-713DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.12.065) Copyright © 2014 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Progressive thermal preconditioning (PTP) effect on ischemia/reperfusion (IR)-induced alteration in (A), (B) cardiac microcirculation, (C) electrocardiographic findings, and (D) (E) infarct size. Marked differences were seen in the cardiac microcirculation and infarct size between the IR group and the IR with PTP treatment group. C, IR induced marked ST-segment elevation in the electrocardiographic wave in the IR and IR plus 3 consecutive cycles of PTP for 72 hours (+3-72) groups. E, PTP significantly decreased the infarct size compared with that in the IR group. *P < .05, compared with the control group; #P < .05, compared with the IR group. Con, Control rats; I/R+3-24, ischemia/reperfusion after 3 consecutive cycles of PTP for 24 hours. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 148, 705-713DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.12.065) Copyright © 2014 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Progressive thermal preconditioning (PTP) effect on (A-C) apoptosis-related proteins, (D) autophagy-LC3-II, (E) endoplasmic reticulum stress glucose-regulated protein (GRP)78, (F) mitochondrial Bcl-2 (m-Bcl-2), (G) cytosolic cytochrome C (c-Cyt C), and (H) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase gp91 subunit (gp91) expression levels. *P < .05 versus control (Con) group; #P < .05 versus ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) groups. 1-72, 24 Hours after single-cycle PTP in a 42°C water bath; 3-24, 24 hours after 3 consecutive cycles of PTP in a 42°C water bath; 3-72, 72 hours after 3 consecutive cycles of PTP in a 42°C water bath; Hsp, heat shock protein; c-Cas 3, caspase 3; PARP, poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 148, 705-713DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.12.065) Copyright © 2014 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Progressive thermal preconditioning (PTP) effect on inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) heart. A, ED-1 expression; B, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) expression; C, LC3-II expression; D, apoptosis expression determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) stain. *P < .05 versus control (Con) group; #P < .05 versus I/R group. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 148, 705-713DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.12.065) Copyright © 2014 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions