Capillary Neuron Astrocyte

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Capillary Neuron Astrocyte Figure 11.3a Neuroglia. Capillary Neuron Astrocyte Astrocytes are the most abundant CNS neuroglia. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Neuron Microglial cell Figure 11.3b Neuroglia. Neuron Microglial cell Microglial cells are defensive cells in the CNS. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ependymal cells line cerebrospinal fluid–filled cavities. Figure 11.3c Neuroglia. Fluid-filled cavity Cilia Ependymal cells Brain or spinal cord tissue Ependymal cells line cerebrospinal fluid–filled cavities. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Oligodendrocytes have processes that form myelin Figure 11.3d Neuroglia. Myelin sheath Process of oligodendrocyte Nerve fibers Oligodendrocytes have processes that form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

(forming myelin sheath) Figure 11.3e Neuroglia. Satellite cells Cell body of neuron Schwann cells (forming myelin sheath) Nerve fiber Satellite cells and Schwann cells (which form myelin) surround neurons in the PNS. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.4 Structure of a motor neuron. Dendrites (receptive regions) Cell body (biosynthetic center and receptive region) Neuron cell body Nucleus Dendritic spine Axon (impulse-generating and -conducting region) Nucleolus Impulse direction Myelin sheath gap (node of Ranvier) Chromatophilic substance (rough endoplasmic reticulum) Axon terminals (secretory region) Axon hillock Schwann cell Terminal branches © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 11.1 Comparison of Structural Classes of Neurons (2 of 3) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axon Axosomatic synapses Cell body (soma) of postsynaptic neuron Figure 11.16b Synapses. Axon Axosomatic synapses Cell body (soma) of postsynaptic neuron © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Membrane potential (mV) Figure 11.11 The action potential (AP) is a brief change in membrane potential in a “patch” of membrane that is depolarized by local currents. (3 of 11) The big picture Resting state 2 Depolarization 1 +30 3 Repolarization 3 Membrane potential (mV) Action potential 2 Hyperpolarization 4 Threshold –55 –70 1 1 4 1 2 3 4 Time (ms) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.17 Chemical synapses transmit signals from one neuron to another using neurotransmitters. (1 of 3) Presynaptic neuron Presynaptic neuron Postsynaptic neuron Action potential arrives at axon terminal. 1 Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters the axon terminal. 2 Mitochondrion Ca2+ entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter by exocytosis 3 Synaptic cleft Axon terminal Synaptic vesicles Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. 4 Postsynaptic neuron © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.18 Postsynaptic potentials can be excitatory or inhibitory. +30 An EPSP is a local depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane that brings the neuron closer to AP threshold. Neurotransmitter binding opens chemically gated ion channels, allowing Na+ and K+ to pass through simultaneously. Membrane potential (mV) Threshold –55 –70 Stimulus 10 20 30 Time (ms) Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) +30 An IPSP is a local hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane that drives the neuron away from AP threshold. Neurotransmitter binding opens K+ or Cl– channels. Membrane potential (mV) Threshold –55 –70 Stimulus 10 20 30 Time (ms) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)