Learning Diary

November Theme: Virus

Some diseases are caused by viruses. Date: Topic: I already knew... I learned... I still want to know... 04/11/2017 Structure Some diseases are caused by viruses. Viruses have simple structure and they are not cells. They contain nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protective cover called capcid. Some of them have a second cover like HIV. The function of them.

I didn’t know anything about it. Date: Topic: I already knew... I learned... I still want to know... 08/11/2017 Function I didn’t know anything about it. The function of the virus is actually its multiplication and it takes place in the host-cell where it parasites. For it to enter the host-cell it needs first to stick at its surface. In every case the virus releases its nucleic acid in the cytoplasm of the host-cell and from that moment the multiplication starts with the use of the mechanisms and enzymes of the host-cell. Then the new viruses will be released from the host-cell and will be free to contaminate other cells. How I can protect myself from infections.

Our knowledge wasn’t enough. Date: Topic: I already knew... I learned... I still want to know... 11/11/2017 Protection Our knowledge wasn’t enough. Knowing the structure and function of the virus the prevention became more understandable. To reduce the risk of spreading or contacting viruses, here are things you can do: Cover your mouth or nose when you sneeze or cough. Wash your hands frequently, especially after going to the bathroom or preparing food. Avoid contact with the bodily fluids of others. These practices are not foolproof, but they can help you reduce the risk of viral infection. Reducing the Spread As discussed above, viruses can exist for a long time outside the body. The way that viruses spread is specific to the type of virus. They can be spread through the following means: Carrier organisms - mosquitoes, fleas The air Direct transfer of body fluids from one person to another -- saliva, sweat, nasal mucus, blood, semen, vaginal secretions Surfaces on which body fluids have dried

Contrary to popular belief, antibiotics have no effect on a virus Contrary to popular belief, antibiotics have no effect on a virus. Most antibiotics interfere with the reproduction of bacteria, hindering their creation of new genetic instructions or new cell walls. Because viruses do not carry out their own biochemical reactions, antibiotics do not affect them.

December Theme: Immune System

Date: Topic: I already knew... I learned... I still want to know... 04/12/17 Organs and cells The Immune System is an a difence system.It produces proteins-antibodies against the antigenes The organs of this system are: The bone marrow and the thymus gland. The cells are specific blood cells called lymphocytes T , B. How does this system function.

Date: Topic: I already knew... I learned... I still want to know... 08/12/17 Immune responce primary and secondary when the antigen (mikrobe) enters into the body at the first time,or more. I didn’t know how the cells are activated to produce the antibodies and that the beginning is become from other cells of non specific defence: the macrophages from Greek μακρός (makrós) = large, φαγείν (phageín) = to eat. They are phagocytes that engulf and digest cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, and other and function as antigen presenters to T cells. During the primary immune reponse happen the following: antibodies from plasma cells and memory cells are prodused. The person, the first time becomes ill, because the production of the antibodies is delayed During the secondary immune response, because of the memory cells, antibodies, are produced quickly, and the person, does not get ill. Problems of the abnormale immune responce.

Date: Topic: I already knew... I learned... I still want to know... 11/12/17 Diseases due to the action of the immune system: autoimmune diseases. I knew that the IS can tell the difference between foreign and your own cells. In an autoimmune disease, the immune system mistakes part of the body as foreign. It releases proteins called autoantibodies that attack healthy cells. Some autoimmune diseases target only one organ. Type 1 diabetes damages the pancreas. Other diseases, like lupus, affect the whole body. Other problems

Date: Topic: I already knew... I learned... 15/12/17 Allergies,problems with transplants. Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to something in the environment that usually causes little or no problem in most people. These diseases include hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and anaphylaxis. The problems with the transplants are created because the histocompatibility antigens between the donor and the receiver are not similar.

Immune Response