Definitions Covered Statistics Individual Variable Quantitative vs. Qualitative variables Population vs. Sample data Parameter vs. Statistic

Nominal Level of measurement Ordinal Level of measurement Definitions Covered Nominal Level of measurement Ordinal Level of measurement Interval Level of measurement Ratio Level of measurement

Definitions

Definitions Descriptive Statistics - Involves methods of organizing, picturing, and summarizing information from samples or populations Inferential Statistics - Involves methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population

Definitions A Simple Random Sample of n measurements from a population is a subset of the population selected in a manner such that every sample of size n from the population has an equal chance of being selected. The term random should not be confused with haphazard

Definitions Simulation - is a numerical facsimile or representation of a real-world phenomenon Random Number Table Flipping a Coin

Definitions Sampling without Replacement - when a number or individual has been selected for the sample, it is removed from the population. Cards

Definitions Sampling with Replacement - when a number or individual has been selected for the sample, it is not removed from the population. Cards

Definitions Stratified Sampling - Divide the entire population into distinct subgroups called strata. Then, draw random samples from each stratum. Strata - Groups or classes inside of a population that share a common characteristic Cards

Definitions Systematic Sampling - Number all members of a population sequentially. Then, from a starting point selected at random, include every kth member of the population in the sample. Potential for error Machine errors Cards

Definitions Cluster Sampling - Divide the entire population into pre- existing segments or clusters. The clusters are often geographic. Make a random selection of clusters. Include every member of each selected cluster in the sample. Cards

Definitions Multistage Sampling - Use a variety of sampling methods to create successively smaller groups at each stage. The final sample consists of clusters. Cards

Definitions Convenience Sampling - Create a sample by using data from population members that are readily available. Cards

Definitions Sampling Frame - a list of individuals from which a sample is actually selected Ideally the entire population Undercoverage - results when population members are omitted from the sample frame homeless Cards

Definitions Sampling Error - the difference between measurements from a sample and corresponding measurements from the respective population. It is caused by the fact that the sample does not perfectly represent the population. Nonsampling Error - the result of poor sample design, sloppy data collection, faulty measuring instruments, bias in questionnaires, and so on. Cards