Waves.

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Presentation transcript:

Waves

Waves A wave is a rhythmic disturbance that carries energy through matter or space. Examples of Waves: Light Radio waves Sound Electric signals Ocean waves Earthquakes Vibrations in structures (musical instruments)

Waves All waves have a source and travel through a medium The source is the thing that is causing the wave The medium is what the wave travels through

Waves Mechanical waves Mechanical waves require a medium made of matter. Air (sound waves) Water (sound waves, sonar) Rock (earthquake) Interface between water and air (ocean waves) There are three types of mechanical waves: longitudinal transverse surface

Waves Longitudinal waves A longitudinal wave is a wave that vibrates parallel to the direction of the wave motion Example: sound waves

Waves Transverse waves A transverse wave is a wave that vibrates perpendicular to the direction of wave motion. Example: waves on a rope or string

Waves Surface waves Surface waves exist at the interface of two media (e.g., water and air  ocean waves) They exhibit characteristics of both longitudinal and transverse waves. Examples: ocean waves, surface-traveling earthquake waves

Pulse vs. periodic waves Speed and amplitude apply to both types Period, frequency, wavelength apply only to periodic waves

Waves Anatomy of a periodic wave:

Waves Speed Amplitude Depends only on the medium Measured by tracking a pulse (v = x/t) Amplitude Is how “big” the wave is Depends on how the wave is generated Is proportional to the wave’s energy

Waves Wavelength Period Shortest distance between crests (or troughs) Represented by the Greek letter lambda,  Period Like the period of a simple harmonic oscillator The time it takes the wave to repeat itself (one complete cycle) Represented by the letter T

Waves Frequency Is the number of complete oscillations a wave makes each second Represented by the letter f Frequency and period are related by the equation: f = 1/T Frequency and period depend only on the source of the wave

Waves The wavelength, , depends on both period (or frequency) and speed Therefore, wavelength depends on both the source and the medium  = vT = v/f Wave speed equation: v = f

Example Calculation The crest of a periodic ocean wave passes the same point once every 17 s. Find the speed of the wave if the wavelength is 130m. T = 17 s  = 130 m v = f = /T = (130 m)/(17 s) = 7.6 m/s