Tt Tt Tt Tt The Punnet Square Mendel's pea plants Tall = TT T T Short = tt T T Tt Tt t P1 Generation Tt Tt F1 Generation

TT Tt Tt tt The Punnet Square Mendel's pea plants Tall = Tt T t T F1 Generation Tt tt F2 Generation

Gender The sex of an animal is determined by the sex chromosomes. There are two types, X shaped chromosomes Y shaped chromosomes Vertebrate males have a XY Vertebrate females have a XX

Sex-linked Genes Fruit Flies inherit sex chromosomes the same a humans. Traits located on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked traits. All sex-linked traits are located on the X chromosomes.

Sex-linked Genes Male Fruit Flies Phenotype = White Eyes Genotype = Xr Y Female Fruit Flies Phenotype = White Eyes Genotype = Xr Xr

Sex-linked Genes Xr Y XRXr XRY XR XRXr XRY

Sex-linked Genes XR Y XRXR XRY XR Xr XRXr XrY

Incomplete Dominance When traits are inherited incompletely, or they mix. Red Carnations Genotype (RR) White Carnations Genotype (R’R’)

Incomplete Dominance When they reproduce the offspring are pink in color. New phenotype occurs because the trait that controls pigment is affected.

Incomplete Dominance R’ R’ R R’R R’R R’R R’R

Incomplete Dominance R’ R R’ R R’R’ R’R R’R RR