Elizabeth Potts, Ph.D. Ali Ferguson, M.A. Fundamentals of APA Elizabeth Potts, Ph.D. Ali Ferguson, M.A.

Background Why we care about style APA vs. Other Styles If you submit a manuscript for publication

Title Pages Running heads Page numbers Title Running head: EXAMPLE IN CAPS Page numbers Title Centered, double-spaced, top half of the page No more than 12 words

Running Head Shortened version of the title After the first page, do not include words “Running head:” Include part in “ALL CAPS” on all pages

Abstract Do not bold Center and capitalize the word “Abstract” Do not indent the paragraph Content Short and sweet Highlights of your paper, including findings/results if a study

First Page of Text Title centered at top of page, not bolded or in italics Indent ALL paragraphs If you use Word, use “No Spacing” Double space everything Including block quotes Do not use the heading “Introduction” Write in left justified!

Headings (APA, 2010, p. 62)

Apple History Text starts with regular paragraph formation on the next line and is indented. Biblical Times Adam and Eve’s tale. Start paragraph immediately afterward. Sowing seeds. Start paragraph immediately afterward. Apples as Money

Notes about Headings Do not use the heading “Introduction” Do not use a level unless you have at least two items in the level

Check-In Questions?

In-Text Citations In general, cite your source for everything that is not general knowledge Ex: “In society today, we use computers a lot” Cite anything that is content specific One author: Ex: (Jones, 2010)

In-Text Citations, Cont. Multiple authors: List in order on reference page List all authors first time (up to but not including six) Ex: (Smith, Jones, Allan, & Fredericks, 2011) Second and subsequent times cited, list first author and then “et al.” Ex: (Smith et al., 2011)

In-Text Citations, Cont. Multiple Citations Grouped Together List in alphabetical order by first author’s last name Separate with semicolons Ex: (Allan et al., 2000; Jones, 1988; Zinna, 2011)

In-Text Citations, Cont. Part of Sentence vs. Parenthetical Spell out “and” in sentence; use “&” in parentheses Ex: According to Smith and Jones (2010), apples are nutritious. Ex: Apples are nutritious (Smith & Jones, 2010) Citations go WITHIN the sentence (before the period), except for block quotes

In-Text Citations, Cont. Citing Something Cited in Something You Read You want to cite Reed and Dunman (1964), which you read about in Kirk (2010). You cannot find the Reed and Dunman work. Ex: Pineapples aren’t as awesome as apples (Reed & Dunman as cited in Kirk, 2010). Only Kirk goes in the reference page

Check-In Questions?

Quotes Make NO changes Ex: “She ate they’re [sic] apples” (Fally, 2012) Use quotation rules ANY time you copy directly from a source Use sparingly Introduce quote and immediately end with citation, including page number Ex: Mays (2007) believes, “apples are more nutritious than cardboard” (p. 304) Ex: “Apples are more nutritious than cardboard” (Mays, 2007, p. 304).

Block Quotes Use for quotations more than 40 words—yes, you have to count them! Still double spaced Do not use quotation marks (unless quote within a quote) Block indent Every line is indented and aligned together on the left

Block Quote Example Fredericks (2010) claims the following: Apples are very nutritious and delicious. You can use them in many different recipes and to enhance the flavor of other dishes. Chef Bob says, “Apples are the best thing in the kitchen.” Apples compliment pork chops, for instance. They are also excellent in desserts, such as pie, cobbler, and strudel. (p. 24)

Amendments http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/06/how-to-cite-the-us-constitution-in-apa-style.html

References After the last page of text Center the word “References” (do not bold) Double space List in alphabetical order by first author’s last name Left justify the first line; indent the second and subsequent lines

Anatomy of a Reference Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx(issue), pp–pp. doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx Griffin, C. C., Jitendra, A. K., & League, M. B. (2009). Novice special educators’ instructional practices, communication patterns, and content knowledge for teaching mathematics. Teacher Education and Special Education, 32, 319–336. doi: 10.1177/0888406409343540

Issue Number or No Issue Number? Only include the issue number if your journal has non-continuous pagination How do I know? If it is a high page number, it’s probably continuous If the issue number is greater than 1 and the page numbers are bigger than 90 or so, it is probably continuous If the issue number is great than 1 and the page numbers are smaller than 60 or so, it is probably not continuous Do a search for other articles in the same journal to see if you find high page numbers

Check-In Go to your source on Easybib and click on parenthetical. Copy and paste your parenthetical into your paper.

Tables Come right after references Do not repeat information from a table directly in the text Information in the table should be able to stand alone and enhance text Suggest creating in Word or Excel, using the Tables function to get your lines right

Appendices Use sparingly for “extra” materials only If one, label “Appendix” If more than one, label alphabetically in capital letters (i.e., “Appendix A,” “Appendix B,” etc.)

General Grammar Write out numbers less than 10 Few exceptions Use numerals for numbers 10 and greater If mixed use, still follow rules above Use the penultimate or serial comma Ex: Fred, Max, Joe, and Ella went fishing Wrong: Fred, Max, Joe and Ella went fishing.

Other Grammar Peeves Passive Voice Semicolon General verb agreement Any form of the verb “to be” followed by a past tense verb Semicolon General verb agreement Pronoun referent agreement Verb tense consistency Is research past or present?