CH. 15 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Organs of respiratory system

Nose: initial receiving station of inhaled air External nares nostril Vestibule small chamber that contains hair for filtration Nasal cavity behind vestibule Nasal Conchae/ meati increase surface area for exposure to air Mucous membrane blood vessels warm air and mucous moistens air Mucous traps small particle & bacteria

Pharynx: chamber that extends from the back of the nasal cavity to the larynx Internal nares: posterior opening of nasal cavity Nasopharynx superior part of pharynx Oropharynx posterior to back of mouth Laryngopharynx below tongue to larynx Passage for food & air

Larynx: connects the pharynx and trachea (voice box) Vocal cords: production of sound by vibrations cased by air Cartilage thyroid cartilage- Adam’s apple Cricoid cartilage-below thyroid Epiglottis cartilage-tongue shaped piece that covers larynx when swallowing

Trachea: tubular air duct located in front to the esophagus Cartilage rings provide support for tube C shaped, open in back Allows for expansion of esophagus when swallowing food. Ciliated mucous membrane move mucous that contains microorganisms & particles

Bronchial tree: branching of trachea that extends into the lungs Primary bronchi: right & left branches goes to lungs Bronchioles: smaller branches off the bronchus Alveolar ducts: smallest tubes that end in the alveoli

Alveoli: round pouches that allow for the exchange of materials -300-500 million in the lungs -Large surface area for gas exchange -Surfactant & water allow alveolus to open & close with little effort respiratory membrane: capillaries & alveoli together to allow for rapid gas exchange

Lungs: the bronchiole tree, capillary networks and supporting tissue Characteristics soft spongy organs Occupy most of thoracic cavity Apex narrow superior portion Base broad inferior portion next to diaphragm Root attachments of bronchus, blood vessels and nerves

Serous membranes surround each lung “pleurae” Lungs cont. Serous membranes surround each lung “pleurae” Parietal pleura outer layer, lines thoracic wall & mediastinum Visceral pleura surrounds and is firmly attached to the lung Pleural cavity potential space between layers Contains serous fluids that lubricates membranes to reduce friction

Lungs cont. Divisions Lobes right lung contains 3 lobes left has 2 ( heart) Each gets one branch of bronchial tree Divides further into segments, and lobules

Mechanisms of breathing

Pressure normal air pressure is 760mmHg Air moves from high to low pressure alveoli opening causes a change in air pressure 1-3 mmHg decrease allows for air to rush inward filling lungs

Inspiration: inhalation or breathing in Process diaphragm & muscle contract 2. thoracic cavity expands 3. pleural cavity pressure drops 4. lung surface is pulled outward causing lung volume to increase 5. alveolar pressure falls below normal atmospheric pressure 6. air rushes into lungs

Expirations: passive process of expelling or exhaling air diaphragm and muscles relax thoracic cavity decrease in size pleural cavity pressure increases alveolar pressure becomes grater than atmospheric pressure air flow outward

Respiratory Volumes

Lung volumes Factor influencing Measurement activities Physical differences between individuals Health Measurement Spirometer Dry vs. wet

Volumes (TV)Tidal volume (500ml): amount of air moving in/out during regular breathing (IRV) Inspiratory Reserve (3100ml): max. amount of sir that can be inhaled forcibly over TV (ERV) Expiratory reserve (1200ml): max amount of air that can be exhaled forcibly over TV (RV) Residual volume( 1200ml): amount of air remaining in lung after forced exhale (VC) Vital capacity (4800ml): total amount of exchangeable air determined by the sum of the TV+ IRV + ERV= VC (TLC)total lung capacity (6000ml): total of air in fully inflated system VC+ RV=TLC

Exchange of gases

Partial pressure pressure gas exerts Found by multiplying air pressure by % of gas in atmosphere N (78%), O (21%), other (1%) Oxygen PO2 760 mmHg x 21% = 160 mmHg

Diffusion Gases will diffuse independently until its partial pressure is equalized gases dissolved in plasma only effect partial pressure ( not attached to hemoglobin)

External respiration alveoli & blood stream Always a higher partial pressure O2 in alveoli that plasma CO2 higher partial pressure in plasma than alveoli O2 & CO2 moves across the pressure gradient easily 98% binds to hemoglobin ( oxyhemoglobin) 2% in plasma High PO2 High PCO2

Internal respiration exchange between capillaries and body Partial pressure of O2 is greater in capillaries than interstitial fluid or cells and the opposite for CO2 CO2 in the blood stream moves as bicarbonate (HCO3), CO2 & a small amount on RBCs

buffering in blood stream In lungs reverse order CO2 +H20 >>>>>>>>> H2CO3 ->>> HCO3 + H Carbonic anhydrase carbonic acid bicarbonate In lungs reverse order HCO3 + H >>>>>>> H2CO3 ->>>>>>>> CO2 +H20 Bicarbonate carbonic acid Carbonic anhydrase Removal of H ion prevents pH from changing( buffers) If excess H ion are created by increased activity your body changes breathing rate to increase removal rate

Control of Breathing

Respiratory center medulla oblongata & pons Medullary rhythmicity center: Rhythm of breathing Pneumotaxic area: regulate breathing rate Apneustic area: inhibit expiration, work in compliment to Pneumotaxic

Factors affecting breathing Chemical changes in blood Chemosensitive areas of medulla monitor CO2, O2& H- Chemoreceptors found in aorta & corotid Degree of stretch of lungs Stretch receptors found in bronchiole walls Protect from over inflation Mental state Involuntary: Stress, fear, or pain Voluntary control: holding breath

Disease Normal lung Smokers lung Heavy smoker lung