We have been talking about minerals primarily in the earth’s crust

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Presentation transcript:

We have been talking about minerals primarily in the earth’s crust What About the rest??

Mantle composition (rheology) Lherzolite (60%olv 40%OPX, grt) Harzburgite (80%olv 20%OPX) Pyrolite (lherzolite-like) Olivine  b-spinel Pyroxene  b-spinel + stishovite Spinel  perovskite + periclase lithosphere asthenosphere Upper mantle 410 660 MOHO dicontinuities Lower mantle

Lherzolite (60%olv 40%OPX, grt) Harzburgite (80%olv 20%OPX) Upper Mantle Minerals Olivine (60%), Pyroxene (30%), Garnet (10%) Rest is compositionally homogeneous What’s different?? Lherzolite (60%olv 40%OPX, grt) Harzburgite (80%olv 20%OPX) Pyrolite (lherzolite-like) Olivine  b-spinel Pyroxene  b-spinel + stishovite Spinel  perovskite + periclase lithosphere asthenosphere Upper mantle 410 660 MOHO discontinuities Lower mantle

Upper Mantle Olivine Olivine – Thought to be about 10-12% Fe in upper mantle At pressures around the 410-km discontinuity, Fo-rich olivine transforms to a ccp structure called wadsleyite. Iron rich olivines do not undergo this transformation. At higher pressures, both the Fa-rich olivine and wadsleyite transform to a spinel structure, (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, called ringwoodite. This occurs when the pressure forces the structure to become as closest-packed as it can get  in order to become more dense it must transform to a new phase.

Garnet, Pyroxene As pressure increases  Pyroxene  Garnet (primarily pyrope) Increases from 50 to 520 km Past 520 km, Garnet Ca-perovskite Past 720 km, more Mg rich Garnets begin to form Mg-perovskite

Lower Mantle Minerals Perovskite ((Mg, Fe)SiO3, Magnesio-wüstite: ((Mg,Fe)O), and Stishovite (SiO2) ~80% Perovskite, ~20% Magnesio-wustite, minor stishovite (which doesn’t form if Mg or Fe are around) At these high pressures, all Si is 6-coordinate (SiO6 subunits; Octahedral coordination)

Perovskite (Mg, Fe)SiO3 As the major mineral in the lower mantle, possibly the most abundant earth material!

Core

Core Outer Core Inner Core Liquid – made of Iron (Fe) and Nickel (Ni) (about 4%) and some S, Si, and O (enough to make the density less than Fe and Ni alone) Movement of this liquid is responsible for earth’s magnetic field Inner Core Solid, Hexagonally-closest packed Fe and Ni

Do we have any Lower Mantle Minerals?? NO How do we know they are there? METEORITES!?!?!?! P-S waves tell us something about composition Nuclear chemistry also tells us something about composition EXPERIMENTS – simulate P-T  see what you get…