C. D. Jordan, E. J. McWalter, U. D. Monu, R. D. Watkins, W. Chen, N. K

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Variability of CubeQuant T1ρ, quantitative DESS T2, and cones sodium MRI in knee cartilage C.D. Jordan, E.J. McWalter, U.D. Monu, R.D. Watkins, W. Chen, N.K. Bangerter, B.A. Hargreaves, G.E. Gold Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 22, Issue 10, Pages 1559-1567 (October 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.001 Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Typical segmentation is shown in the lateral compartment of a healthy subject's knee cartilage on a DESS image. The femoral cartilage is split into the lateral anterior (LAF), central (LCF) and posterior (LPF) femoral cartilage such that the central cartilage is confined within ±30° of a normal vector to the tibial cartilage. The tibial cartilage is bisected into lateral anterior (LAT) and posterior (LPT) tibial cartilage. The same convention was followed for the medial cartilage. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1559-1567DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.001) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 The average CVRMS (±standard deviation) for each parameter and technique amongst the 10 ROIs are grouped next to each other in two categories: intra-subject variability due to short, moderate, and long-term time periods and the post-processing segmentation variability due to intra-observer, adjacent-slice, and inter-observer variability for (A) T1ρ, (B) T2, and (C) sodium measurements. All CVRMS measurements are substantially lower than the changes expected due to advanced osteoarthritis10,17. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1559-1567DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.001) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 DESS images and MR parameter maps of T1ρ, T2, and sodium of a single subject are shown at baseline (first row), 1 day (second row), 5 months (third row), and 1 year later (fourth row). The measurements are stable over time with an average CV of 6.0%, 10.7%, and 12.9% for T1ρ, T2, and sodium intra-subject measurements, respectively, over 1 year. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1559-1567DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.001) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 The measurements of all regions of the healthy subject's cartilage are shown in gray. The mean and standard deviation of the eight subjects are shown in black. The 10 ROIs are grouped into the medial and lateral femoral and tibial compartments for simplicity. These graphs show the consistency of the measurements over time for (A) T1ρ, (B) T2, and (C) sodium measurements. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1559-1567DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.001) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 The average CV amongst 10 ROIs of a single subject who was scanned twice consecutively, repositioned, and then scanned a third time demonstrates a remaining baseline source of variability. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1559-1567DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.001) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Monte Carlo simulations were performed by adding increasing factors of complex Gaussian noise to each of the magnitude source images for all sequences and then taking the magnitude of the summation. Each color represents one of the 100 simulations. The T1ρ, T2, and sodium measurements were calculated and the CV was computed for the (A) T1ρ, (B) T2, and (C) sodium measurements. These graphs demonstrate that the variability increases as the noise levels increase and the SNR of the source images decreases. The typical SNR of the source image with the highest SNR is plotted along the curve, as indicated by the asterisk. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1559-1567DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.001) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions