Early Society in East Asia Chapter 5 Early Society in East Asia ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Yellow River Huang He 3000 miles: Tibet to the Yellow Sea Deposits fertile, light-colored soil Periodic flooding: “China’s sorrow” ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Prehistoric Society: Yangshao 5000-3000 B.C.E. Middle region of the Yellow River valley Banpo village Painted pottery Bronze tools ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Earliest Dynasties Xia ca. 2200 B.C.E. Organized through village network Hereditary monarchy Flood control Shang 1766-1122 B.C.E. Zhou 1122-256 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Shang Dynasty Bronze metallurgy State monopoly Horse-drawn chariots, other wheeled vehicles Large armies Political organization: network of fortified cities, loyal to center 1000 cities Capital moved six times Impressive architecture at Ao, Yin Other regional kingdoms coexist: Sanxingdui ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Shang Dynasty Burial Practices Hierarchical social structure Burials alongside deceased member of ruling class Sacrificial victims, mostly slaves Wives, servants, friends, hunting companions Later replaced by statuary, often monumental ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Zhou Dynasty, 1122-256 B.C.E. No law codes: rule by decree “Mandate of heaven” Aggregation of villages opposed to Shang leadership Decentralization of authority Development of cheap iron weaponry ends Shang monopoly on bronze ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Decline of the Zhou Dynasty Decentralized leadership style allows for building of regional powers Increasing local independence, refusal to pay Zhou taxes Iron metallurgy allows for widespread creation of weaponry Northern invaders weaken Zhou dynasty, beginning eighth century B.C.E. Internal dissention: the Period of the Warring States (403-221 B.C.E.) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

China During the Period of the Warring States, 403-221 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Social Order Ruling classes great advantage Palatial compounds, luxurious lifestyle Supported by agricultural surplus, tax revenues Defended by monopoly on bronze weaponry Hereditary privilege Support class of artisans, craftsmen Evidence of long-distance trade, merchant class Large class of semi-servile peasants Slave class ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Family and Patriarchy Devotion to family, ancestor veneration Connection of spirit world to physical world Ritual sacrifices Father ritual head of family rites Earlier prominence of individual female leaders fades in later Shang, Zhou dynasties ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Oracle Bones and Early Chinese Writing Used for communicating with spirit world, determining future Question written on animal bones, turtle shells Then heated over fire; cracks examined for omens Early archaeological evidence of Chinese writing Evolution of Chinese script Pictograph to ideograph ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Oracle Bone from Shang Dynasty ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Zhou Literature The reflections of Confucius Book of Changes Manual for divination Book of History Book of Etiquette (Book of Rites) Book of Songs Little survived Often written on perishable bamboo strips Many destroyed by emperor of Qin dynasty in 221 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Nomadic Peoples of Central Asia Steppe nomads Poor lands for cultivation, extensive herding activities Horses domesticated ca. 4000 B.C.E., bronze metallurgy in 2900 B.C.E. Extensive trade with sedentary cultures in China Tensions: frequent raiding ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Southern Expansion of Chinese Society Yangzi valley Yangzi River: Chang Jiang, “long river” Excellent for rice cultivation Irrigation system developed The state of Chu Autonomous, challenged Zhou dynasty Culture heavily influenced by Chinese ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.