From Artisan to Worker Part 2 Mr. O’Brien

INDUSTRIALIZATION CREEPS IN 3 Stages Division of labor - 1830s Human powered machines – 1830s Steam powered machinery – mid 1800s some artisans, as in Newark, begin creating new methods (in other words, technology didn’t just happen, people decided to use it) began to engage in mass prod in 1830s 3 stages of industrialization: (all crafts went through this, but at different times and at different paces) (the key concept is standardization = more speed, more volume) (int. parts) (John Hall) task breakdown (div. of labor, go faster, deskill) (started in Newark in shoemaking DIVISION OF LABOR IN NEWARK: 1 to sole, 1 to finish, 1 woman to sow the uppers move in to factories in 1830s then hatting, saddler, and carriage making all hand labor, no machines, but radically changed: workers skill and power apprenticeship process normal boyhood changes, no longer living with master, now looking for a job and living with your parents or when alone – no paternal guidance, and no clear line to a future career journeymen now also operating in div. of labor – now get piece rates, less control over wages, the gap between price paid for labor and price for product increases (in a market situation) – now work longer hours to make the same money – harder to save and become self employed class split between employees and employers – no longer united – the master is the employer and j is employee 1830s first craft unions – concerned with wages, limiting false apprenticeships, and control of time, because no longer did – first movement to limit the hours of labor (10 hour movement) – so there can be life away from work – they no longer blend – 2 separate spheres – now employee wants to get paid what he needs to support a family, not what the market dictates looked at their situation through pre industrial eyes – felt they should have equal rights as good republicans unions same as joining rev. army to get independence – unions to get democracy at workplace saw employers (who used to be craftsman often) as a new aristocracy of wealth STAGE 2 – INTRO OF HUMAN POWERED MACHINES began in hatting in 1830s journeyman lose the tools and have to work with machines – less control over wages, time, and potential of self employment, - new employer desire for docile workers women still in womens work – sewing – the sewing machine even reduces female employment because it can produce more with less workers now wives increasingly expected to be at home immigrants from UK, IRE, and Germany became the labor force STAGE 3 – INTRO OF STEAM POWERED MACHINERY - end of artisan’s world in Newark closer to what we think of factory end of craftsmanship mostly unskilled machinists employer now needed to buy those machines, less of profit to worker chance of ind. gone 1860 majority of men over 14 (55%) foreign born (irish, german) don’t forget that this 3 step process was different for each industry people beginning to clash – employers put up the cash want the profit people now changing how they view work, the family has changed (now 2 spheres, and no longer family work, young men now lost) pacing, soldiering

CLASH OF VALUES Artisans still saw their economic and social values undermined by the spread of industrialization The principles of the new industry clashed with principles of an artisan economy PRE-INDUSTRIAL VALUES!!!!!

THE REAL THREAT Few urban artisans were forced into factories during the early Industrial Revolution Most factory workers came from the ranks of dispossessed peasants and unskilled urban poor The threat of the factory system threatened artisans in a more subtle way It threatened their control of their own labor.

Personal Relationships As artisans were turned into workers their lives were transformed. The older system of personal relationships between master and workers was replaced with an impersonal wage system. By subdividing tasks, masters could hire low-skill, low-wage women and children, denying opportunities to male artisans. As textile mills grew, they replaced women’s most reliable home occupation. The market revolution changed Americans’ sense of time. Farm life was still regulated by seasonal rhythms, while clocks in cities and factories came to sharply regulate life and distinguished work from leisure time. Artisans in traditional craft production had worked slowly and erratically, sometimes drinking or talking politics, but work in industrial factories was much longer, supervised and controlled, and drink, play, and conversation were not allowed in this highly disciplined environment. Pay for the artisan had been based on the price of his product, but the industrial worker received an hourly or daily wage. Railroads, which operated on fixed schedules, also spread “clock time.” Many Americans saw working in a factory as degrading their sense of independence, and most native-born men refused to work in them. Employers thus turned to women and immigrants for labor.