Chapter 17: Hiphil/Hophal

הִנֵּה מַה־טּוֹב וּמַה־נָּעִים שֶׁבֶת אַחִים גַּם־ יָֽחַד׃ הִנֵּה מַה־טּוֹב וּמַה־נָּעִים שֶׁבֶת אַחִים גַּם־ יָֽחַד׃ as one brothers dwell and how pleasant how good behold  How good and pleasant it is when brothers live together in unity! (repeat) Chorus: הִנֵּה מַה־טּוֹב שֶׁבֶת אַחִים גַּם־ יָֽחַד׃ How good when brothers live together in unity!

שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהוָה אֶחָֽד׃ (Deut. 6:4) 4.L. Sing: Shema lullaby שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהוָה אֶחָֽד׃ (Deut. 6:4) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIOpZ9fQLbU&t=0s&list=PLnNXzYjQerJia_ 8yTy8OrM2K-BiN5OEup&index=2 or search Youtube for: “Shema Lullaby Judy Ginsburgh” Shabbat Shalom Medley https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- MBgACM_LcE&list=RDEMSL0J_ngrs5U8EoQWZITH5w&index=9

5.I. Oseh Shalom עֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו He who makes peace in his high places הוּא יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם עָלֵיֽנוּ may he let peace descent on us וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל and on all Israel אָמֵן וְאִמְרוּ אִמְרוּ and say, say: Amen.

5.I. Oseh Shalom יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם שָׁלוֹם עָלֵיֽנוּ May he make peace, may he make peace שָׁלוֹם עָלֵיֽנוּ Peace​​ for us וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל and for all Israel

Qal Perfect Chant 1CS שָׁמַרְתִּי I guarded 1 CP שָׁמַרְנוּ we guarded 2 MS שָׁמַרְתָּ you (m.) guarded 2 MP שְׁמַרְתֶּם you (m.) guarded 2 FS שָׁמַרְתְּ you (f.) guarded 2 FP שְׁמַרְתֶּן you (f.) guarded 3 MS שָׁמַר he guarded 3 CP שָֽׁמְרוּ they guarded 3 FS שָֽׁמְרָה she guarded

Chant Personal Pronouns 1st common אֲנִי I אֲנַחְנוּ we 2nd masc. אַתָּה you (m.) אַתֶּם you /ye / you all (m.) 2nd fem. אַתְּ you (f.) אַתֶּן you / ye / you all (f.) 3rd masc. הוּא he / it הֵם they (m.) 3rd fem. הִיא she / it הֵן they (f.)

Chant: Preposition with Pronominal Suffixes 1 CS בִּי in me 1 CP בָּנוּ in us 2 MS בְּךָ in you (m.) 2 MP בָּכֶם in you (m.) 2 FS בְּךְ in you (f.) 2 FP בָּכֶן in you (f.) 3 MS בּוֹ in him 3 MP בָּהֶם in them (m.) 3 FS בָּהּ in her 3 FP בָּהֶן in them (f.)

Qal Imperfect Chant 1CS אֶשְׁמֹר 1CP נִשְׁמֹר 2MS תִּשְׁמֹר 2MP תִּשְׁמְרוּ 2FS תִּשְׁמְרִי 2FP תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה 3MS יִשְׁמֹר 3MP יִשְׁמְרוּ 3FS תִּשְׁמֹר 3FP תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה

11. D. Learn the following chant for שָׁמַר: Imperative chant 2ms שְׁמֹר [you, m.s.] guard 2mp שִׁמְרוּ [you m.p.] guard 2fs שִׁמְרִי [you, f.s.] guard 2fp שְׁמֹרְנָה [you f.p.] guard

12. A. Introduction to Infinitives Inf. Construct: שְׁמֹר (note it is the same as the 2ms Imperative) Inf. Absolute: שָׁמוֹר

13. C. Participle chant: Qal Active Participle Singular Plural Masculine שֹׁמֵר שֹׁמְרִים Feminine שֹׁמְרָה /שֹׁמְרֶת שֹׁמְרוֹת

13. C. Participle chant: Qal Passive Participle Singular Plural Masculine שָֽׁמוּר שְׁמוּרִים Feminine שְׁמוּרָה שְׁמוּרוֹת

Niphal Chant: Perfect/Imperfect 1CS נִשְׁמַרְתִּי I was guarded Niphal Perfects 3CP נִשְׁמְרוּ they were guarded 2MS תִּשָּׁמֵר you (ms) Niphal Imperfect 3MP יִשָּׁמְרוּ they (mp)

Niphal Imperatives, Infinitives, Ptc. Imprv / Inf Const. Inf. Abs. Ptc. Masc. Fem. הִשָּׁמֵר [=Inf. Const.] הִשָּׁמוֹר נִשְׁמַר נִשְׁמֶרֶת

17. A. Introduction: Three Meanings of the Hiphil  The Hiphil stem is not as frequent as the Qal but does occur almost 9,500 times in the Tanak. Causative Sense: It is generally understood to be the stem of causation. Note the shift of the Qal form of גָּדַל “he was great” to the Hiphil הִגְדִּיל “he caused to be great.” Similarly, the Qal of יָדַע “he knew” goes to הוֹדִיעַ “he caused to know” in the Hiphil.

Hiphil and Piel buddies Waltke/O’Connor note that the Piel may also share this causative sense at times (p. 433). The Piel, however, generates a state or condition whereas the Hiphil brings about an event.

2 More Uses of the Hiphil: Causative, declarative, simple active--CDS Declarative Sense: The Hiphil with certain verbs takes on the sense of declaring the subject to be in a condition or state of being according to nuance of the verb. Both Kelly (p. 112) and Practico/Van Pelt (p. 346) that the Hiphil with רָשַׁע “he was wicked” becomes הִרְשִׁיעַ “he is declared unjust/guilty.” Simple Active (= Qal). Finally, the Hiphil sometimes simply takes on the active meaning just like it was a Qal. So the Qal כָּרַת meaning “he cut off” has the same meaning in the Hiphil (הִכְרִית ).

17. B. Morphology of the Hiphil Perfect 1CS הִשְׁמַרְתִּי I caused to keep 2MS הִשְׁמַרְתָּ you (m) caused to keep 2FS הִשְׁמִירְתְּ you (f) caused to keep 3MS הִשְׁמִיר he caused to keep 3FS הִשְׁמִירָה she caused to keep

17. B. Morphology of the Hiphil Perfect 1CP הִשְׁמַרְנוּ we caused to keep 2MP הִשְׁמַרְתֶּם you (m) caused to keep 2FP הִשְׁמַרְתֶּן you (f) caused to keep 3CP הִשְׁמִירוּ they caused to keep

Translation Examples וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר הִקְרִיב לָבוֹא מִצְרָיְמָה וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל־שָׂרַי אִשְׁתּוֹ (Gen 12:11) And it came to pass when he was about to enter Egypt, he said to his wife Sarai, וְהֶאֱמִן בַּיהוָה וַיַּחְשְׁבֶהָ לּוֹ צְדָקָֽה (Gen 15:6) And he believed the LORD, and he counted it to him as righteousness.

Hiphil Imperfect: 1CS אַשְׁמִיר I will cause to keep 2MS תַּשְׁמִיר you (m) will cause to keep 2FS תַּשְׁמִירִי you (f) will cause to keep 3MS יַשְׁמִיר he will cause to keep 3FS תַּשְׁמִיר she will cause to keep

Hiphil Imperfect: 1CP נַשְׁמִיר we will cause to keep 2MP תַּשְׁמִירוּ you (m) will cause to keep 2FP תַּשְׁמֵרְנָה you (f) will cause to keep 3MP יַשְׁמִירוּ they (m) will caused to keep 3FP תַּשְׁמֵרְנָה they (f) will caused to keep

Translation Examples וּמִכָּל־הָ֠חַי מִֽכָּל־בָּשָׂ֞ר שְׁנַ֧יִם מִכֹּ֛ל תָּבִ֥יא אֶל־הַתֵּבָ֖ה (Gen 6:19) And of every living thing, of all flesh, you shall bring two of every kind into the ark, וּמִבֵּ֣ית אָבִ֑יךָ אֶל־הָאָ֖רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַרְאֶֽךָּ׃ (Gen 12:1) your father's house to the land that I will show you

17. C. Hiphil Perfect and Imperfect Chants 1CS הִשְׁמַרְתִּי 3CP הִשְׁמִירוּ Hiphil Imperfect: 2MS תַּשְׁמִיר 3MP יַשְׁמִירוּ

Hiphil Imperative 2MS הַשְׁמֵר [you (m)] cause to keep 2FS הַשְׁמִירִי [you (f)] cause to keep 2MP הַשְׁמִירוּ [you all (m)] cause to keep 2FP הַשְׁמִירְנָה [you all (f)] cause to keep

Hiphil Infinitive Construct and Absolute Construct: הַשְׁמֵר to cause to keep = Imperative

Hiphil Participles MS מַשְׁמִיר causing to keep MP מַשְׁמִירִים causing to keep FS מַשְׁמִירָה causing to keep FP מַשְׁמִירוֹת causing to keep

Hiphil Chant continued Hiphil Imperative 2MS הַשְׁמֵר [you (m)] cause to keep = Inf. Const Hiphil Infinitive Abs. Absolute הַשְׁמִיר Hiphil Participles MS מַשְׁמִיר causing to keep FS מַשְׁמִירָה causing to keep

Translation Examples וִידַעְתֶּם כִּי אֲנִי יְהוָה אֱלֹ֣הֵיכֶם הַמּוֹצִיא אֶתְכֶם מִתַּחַת סִבְלוֹת מִצְרָיִם׃ (Exod 6:7) Then you will know that I am the LORD your God, who brought you out from under the yoke of the Egyptians. אֵל מוֹצִיאָם מִמִּצְרָיִם (Num 23:22) God, who brings them out of Egypt

7. D. Hiphil of the Weak Verbs On Pē Guttural initial verbs the form is: (עָמַד = to stand) Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Participle הֵעֱמַדְתִּי אַעֲמִיד הַעֲמִיד (Cons) מַעֲמִיד ... ... הַעֲמֶד הַעֲמֵד (Abs( מַעֲמֶדֶת הֶעֱמִידָה תַּעֲמִידִי הַעֲמִידִי מַעֲמִידִים ... ... הַעֲמִידוּ מַעֲמִידוֹת הֶעֱמִיד יַעֲמִיד הַעֲמֵדְנָה Note the initial ה is added with a Ṣerê or a Seghôl in the Perfect.

7. D. Hiphil of the Weak Verbs Ayin Guttural (הִגְאִיל ) is so regular you will be able to recognize it because the prefixing and ḥîreq yôd pretty much follow the same patterns as the regular verb.

Lāmed Hē (גָּלָה = to reveal, uncover) Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Participle הִגְלִיתִי אַגְלֶה הַגְלוֹת (Cons) מַגְלֶה ... ... הַגְלֵה הַגְלֵה (Abs( מַגְלָה הִגְלְתָה תַּגְלִי הַגְלִי מַגְלִים ... ... הַגְלוּּ מַגְלוֹת הִגְלָה יַגְלֶה הַגְלֶינָה

Hiphil Weak Verbs Lāmed Guttural (מָצָא = to find) is pretty normal with the הִ or הַ prefix and the ḥîreq yôd as we have seen before; הִמְצִיא).

Hiphil Pē Nûn הִגַּשׁתִּי אַגִּישׁ הַגִּישׁ (Cons) מַגִּישׁ Pē Nûn ( נָגַשׁ= to approach, drops the Nûn as would be expected and the second consonant is doubled) Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Participle הִגַּשׁתִּי אַגִּישׁ הַגִּישׁ (Cons) מַגִּישׁ ... ... הַגֵּשׁ הַגֵּשׁ (Abs( מַגִּישָׁה הִגִּישָׁה תַּגִּישִׁי הַגִּישִׁי מַגִּישִׁים ... ... הַגִָּישׁוּ מַגִּישׁוֹת הִגִּישׁ יַגִּישׁ הַגֵּשְׁנָה ..

Hiphil Pē Vāv הוֹשַׁבְתִּי אוֹשִׁיב הוֹשִׁיב (Cons) מוֹשִׁיב Pē Vāv (יָשַׁב = to sit, dwellְ; note the ה prefix is added with a Ḥôlem Vāv rather than a ḥîreq or pataḥ) Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Participle הוֹשַׁבְתִּי אוֹשִׁיב הוֹשִׁיב (Cons) מוֹשִׁיב ... ... הוֹשֵׁב הוֹשֵׁב (Abs( מוֹשִׁיבָה הוֹשִׁיבָה תּוֹשִׁיבִי הוֹשִׁיבִי מוֹשִׁיבִים ... ... הוֹשִׁיבוּ מוֹשִׁיבוֹת הוֹשִׁיב יוֹשִׁיב הוֹשֵׁבְנָה ...

Hiphil Middle weak verbs: Middle weak verbs: (קוּם = to rise) add the initial Hē with a ṣerê or hatēf-pataḥ and retains the ḥîreq yôd after the initial consonant; הֵקִים)

17. E. Introduction to the Hophal Hophal Perfect (X was/were caused to keep) 1CS הָשְׁמַרְתִּי 1CP הָשְׁמַרְנוּ 2MS הָשְׁמַרְתָּ 2MP הָשְׁמַרְתֶּם 2FS הָשְׁמַרְתְּ 2FP הָשְׁמַרְתֶּן 3MS הָשְׁמַר 3CP הָשְׁמְרוּ 3FS הָשְׁמְרָה

Hophal Imperfect (X will be caused to keep) 1CS אָשְׁמַר 1CP נָשְׁמַר 2MS תָּשְׁמַר 2MP תָּשְׁמְרוּ 2FS תָּשְׁמְרִי 2FP תָּשְׁמַרְנָה 3MS יָשְׁמַר 3MP יָשְׁמְרוּ 3FS תָּשְׁמַר 3FP תָּשְׁמַרְנָה

Hophal Participles (being caused to keep) MS מָשְׁמָר FS מָשְׁמָרָה MP מָשְׁמָרִים FP מָשְׁמָרוֹת

Hophal Infinitive Hophal Infinitive (these are really rare to non- existent) Const. [הָשְׁמַר ] Abs. הָשְׁמֵר

Hophal Translation Examples וְיוֹסֵ֖ף הוּרַ֣ד מִצְרָ֑יְמָה וַיִּקְנֵ֡הוּ פּוֹטִיפַר֩ סְרִ֙יס פַּרְעֹ֜ה (Gen 39:1) Now Joseph was taken down to Egypt, and Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh bought him וַיּוּשַׁ֞ב אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֤ה וְאֶֽת־אַהֲרֹן֙ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֔ה וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֲלֵהֶ֔ם לְכ֥וּ עִבְד֖וּ אֶת־יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֑ם (Exod 10:8) Moses and Aaron were brought back to Pharaoh, and he said to them, "Go, worship the LORD your God!

17. F. Congratulations Congratulations you know the seven binyanim and hence have mastered the Hebrew verb. We just have to learn how to count and build our vocabulary and we’re well on our way to mastering Hebrew.

The Seven binyanim [בִּנְיָנִים]) 7 Verb Patterns (called binyanim [בִּנְיָנִים]) Simple Intensive Causative Active Qal (שָׁמַר) Piel ( שִׁמֵּר) Hiphil ( הִשְׁמִיר) Passive Niphal (נִשְׁמַר ) Pual (שֻׁמַּר ) Hophal (הָשְׁמַר ) Reflexive Hithpael (הִשְׁתַּמֵּר )

17. F. Chapter 17 Hiphal / Hophal Vocab 1) כְּלִי vessel 325 2) עֵת time 296 3) חַטָּאת sin, sin-offering 293 4) כָּרַת to cut off/down, make a covenant 288

17. F. Chapter 17 Hiphal / Hophal Vocab 5) עֹלָה burnt offering 287 6) בְּרִית covenant 284 7) חֹ֫דֶשׁ new moon, month 284 8) אֹיֵב enemy 283

17. F. Chapter 17 Hiphal / Hophal Vocab 9) חָיָה to live 280 10) קָרַב to approach, come near 274

Vocabulary Review

16. Chapter 16 Vocabulary List 1. אוֹ or 321 2. חָזַק to be strong, seize 320 3. לֶ֫חֶם bread, food 297 4מִלְחָמָה . war 346

16. Chapter 16 Vocabulary List 5. מִשְׁפָּחָה family 346 6. סָבִיב around, surround 336 7. סוּר to turn aside, remove 298 8. עָבַד to serve, work 289

16. Chapter 16 Vocabulary List 9. צָוָה to command 493 10. רָע / רַע evil, bad, disaster 297

15. Chapter 15 Vocabulary List 1. אֹ֫הֶל tent 346 2. אַהֲרוֹן Aaron 347 3. תָּ֫וֶךְ/ בְּתוֹךְ midst, middle 418 4. יָרֵא to fear 322

15. Chapter 15 Vocabulary List 5. לִפְנֵי before, front of 668 6. נָבִיא prophet 316 7. עֵץ tree 329 8. רָעָה bad, evil, disaster 354

15. Chapter 15 Vocabulary List 9. שָׂדֶה field 328 10. שָׁבַע to swear 186

14F. Chapter 14 Vocabulary 1)אַף nose, anger, 2) also 410 2) בַּיִן / בֵּין between 407 3) נָא please, now 406 4) מָקוֹם place 401

14F. Chapter 14 Vocabulary 5) זָהָב gold 389 6) אֵשׁ fire 376 7) נְאֻם utterance, declaration 376 8) שַׁעַר gate 373

14F. Chapter 14 Vocabulary 9) נָגַד to tell, report 370 10) דָּם blood 355

13. F. Chapter 13 Hebrew Vocabulary חֶ֫רֶב sword 412 יָם sea, lake 396 יָרַד to go down 380 כֶּ֫סֶף silver 402

13. F. Chapter 13 Hebrew Vocabular מִזְבֵּחַ altar 401 עָנָה to answer 413 עַתָּה now, then 433 צָבָא troops, military host 485

13. F. Chapter 13 Hebrew Vocabulary רוּחַ spirit, wind, breath 378 שַׂר official, commander, prince 421

12. D. Chapter 12 Qal Infinitive Vocab אָדוֹן / אֲדֹנָי Lord, master 439 יָלַד to give birth, beget 495 מִי who, how? 424

12. D. Chapter 12 Qal Infinitive Vocab מִשְׁפָּט justice, judgment 421 נָכָה to strike, hit 500 פֶּה mouth, opening 497 עוֹד again, still, yet 490

12. D. Chapter 12 Qal Infinitive Vocab עוֹלָם eternity, forever 439 קֹ֫דֶשׁ holy, set apart, sacred 491 קוֹל voice, sound 505

11F. Chapter 11 Qal Imperative, Vocab אַיִן / אֵין no, nothing 847 אָכַל to eat 816 גּוֹי people, nation 552 הֲ if, whether, interrogative 738 יְהוּדָה Judah 819

11F. Chapter 11 Qal Imperative, Vocab יְרוּשָׁלַ֫םִ Jerusalem 643 כֹּה thus, here, now 576 נָשָׂא to carry, lift, raise 656 עָבַר to pass over, transgress 623 שִׂים to set, put, lay 584

10.G. Chapter 10 Vocabulary List lad, youth, attendant נַעַר to build בָּנָה to miss, sin, offend חָטָא to die מוּת

10.G. Chapter 10 Vocabulary List to find מָצָא to fall נָפַל to go up, ascend עָלָה to stand עָמַד

10.G. Chapter 10 Vocabulary List to rise, arise, stand קוּם to send, stretch out, dismiss שָׁלַח

9.G. Chapter 9 Vocabulary List to come in, enter, bring in בּוֹא to know יָדַע to go out יָצָא to sit, dwell יָשַׁב

9.G. Chapter 9 Vocabulary List to take לָקַח to turn, return, repent שׁוּב to give נָתַן to do, make עָשָׂה

9.G. Chapter 9 Vocabulary List to call, announce קָרָא to see, understand רָאָה

8.I. Chapter 8 Vocabulary List after, behind אַחֲרֵי no, not, nothing אַל to bless, praise בָּרַךְ David דָּוִד

8.I. Chapter 8 Vocabulary List also, even, moreover גָּם what? how? מָה to rule, be king מָלַךְ to visit, number, appoint פָּקַד

8.I. Chapter 8 Vocabulary List under, below תַּחַת Moses מֹשֶׁה

7. I. Chapter 7 Vocabulary List Moses מֹשֶׁה good טוֹב great גָּדוֹל

7. I. Chapter 7 Vocabulary List much, many, great רַב very (adv.), might (N.) מְאֹד

7. I. Chapter 7 Vocabulary List this (m.s. / f.s.) זֹאת / זֶה face, front פָּנִים year שָׁנָה heart, mind לֵבָב / לֵב

7. I. Chapter 7 Vocabulary List there, thither שָׁם thus, so כֵּן

6.L. Chapter 6 Vocabulary List spring, eye עַ֫יִן servant, slave עֶ֫בֶד Priest כֹּהֵן Egypt מִצְרַ֫יִם

6.L. Chapter 6 Vocabulary List Brother אָח who, which, because אֲשֶׂר Head רֹאשׁ Daughter בַּת

6.L. Chapter 6 Vocabulary List Water מַ֫יִם man, mankind, Adam אָדָם

5.G. Chapter 5 Vocabulary List to, into, towards אֶל in, at, with, among, from בְּ like, as כְּ because, that, for, when כִּי

5.G. Chapter 5 Vocabulary List for, to, until, towards לְ from, out of, because, since מִן until, while, toward עַד town, city עִיר

5.G. Chapter 5 Vocabulary List on, upon, above, over עַל with עִם

Chapter 4 Vocabulary List son, descendant בֵּן all, each, every כֹּל way, road דֶּ֫רֶךְ hand, forearm יָד

Chapter 4 Vocabulary List name שֵׁם behold! lo! הִנֵּה soul, life נֶ֫פֶשׁ heavens, sky שָׁמִַ֫יִם

Chapter 4 Vocabulary List to hear, listen, obey שָׁמַע law, instruction תּוֹרָה

Chapter 3 Vocabulary אָב אָמַר father, ancestor God, god אֱלֹהִים to say אָמַר house, palace, dynasty בַּ֫יִת

Chapter 3 Vocabulary הָיָה זָכַר עַם to be, become, happen to remember, mention זָכַר to write כָּתַב people עַם

Chapter 3 Vocabulary קָטַל to slay, kill to keep, watch over, guard שָׁמַר

land, earth, ground Chapter 2 Vocabulary אֶ֫רֶץ man, human אִישׁ woman, wife אִשָּׁה word, matter, thing דָּבָר

Chapter 2 Vocabulary to go, walk הָלַךְ Yahweh, Jehovah, LORD יְהוָה day, daylight, time יוֺם Israel יִשְׂרָאֵל

Chapter 2 Vocabulary no, not לֹא king, ruler, prince מֶ֫לֶךְ