Introduction to Realism: Revolt against Romanticism Instead of Idealistic >Pessimistic Portraits of REAL life with all its grit Finding meaning in commonplace Class example: Ambrose Bierce’s “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”

Intro to Regionalism/Local Color: Happy medium between Romanticism and Realism Captured the essence of life in various regions of the nation a way for people across the nation to reconnect after the Civil War concerned with the character of the region not the individual Stories may include lots of storytelling and revolve around the community and its rituals. Use of dialect to establish credibility and authenticity of regional characters. Class example: Kate Chopin’s “Desiree’s Baby”

Kate Chopin, 1851-1904 “one of the most powerful and controversial writers of her time” Focused on capturing the essence of life in Louisiana (Cajuns & Creoles) Common themes: nature of marriage, racial prejudice, female equality

Introduction to Naturalism (1870’s to mid-1900’s)

“A Man Said to the Universe” by Stephen Crane “Sir, I exist!” “However,” replied the universe, “The fact has not created in me A sense of obligation.” The universe owes man nothing! In fact the Naturalists believed that the universe was indifferent to man’s suffering.

Naturalism Background Naturalism is an extension and refinement of Realism, based on the theories of the French novelist, Emile Zola (1840 – 1902) . Influenced by the scientific discoveries of the time, Naturalist saw humans as one of the pack…not individuals. Emile Zola coined the term “human beasts” to demonstrate this. Inspired by Charles Darwin & Thomas Huxley, Zola believed people’s actions and beliefs resulted not from freewill but from arbitrary, outside forces of heredity and environment.

What was going on in the world? Western Expansion “Manifest Destiny” America was destined to expand from coast to coast Gold rushes Growth of cities Industrialism

Major Tenets of Naturalism Writer must examine people and society objectively and, like a scientist, draw conclusions from what is observed. Reality: the inescapable working out of natural forces Destiny is decided by heredity and environment, physical drives, and economic circumstances. Tended to be pessimistic. Direct opposite of Romanticism and Transcendentalism, which saw nature as holy or mystical Despite their underlying powerlessness, characters generally conduct themselves with strength and dignity in the face of adversity, thereby affirming the significance of their existence. Realism vs. Naturalism: http://faculty.tamu-commerce.edu/kroggenkamp/English519Naturalism.htm

How Culture Influenced Literature and Led to Naturalism: Darwin says it's natural selection, not a divine blueprint of some sort, that determines which organisms live and die in the world -- it's mere "survival of the fittest."  Marx says the masses are at the mercy of a capitalist economy, which more often than not brutally exploits them.  Freud says we're all at the mercy of dark internal drives and desires we can scarcely hope to control.  U.S. population grew at a staggering rate. Millions of people are settling into densely crowded urban areas where they seem to be living and working more and more like insects, basically--there's not a whole lot of difference between humans, who we like to think are individualistic and have free will, and animals, who of course live in flocks, herds, and schools and have to run on instinct. 

Key themes of Naturalism in literature The "brute within" each individual, comprised of strong and often warring emotions: passions, such as lust, greed, or the desire for dominance or pleasure; and the fight for survival in an amoral, indifferent universe. The indifference of nature as man struggles to survive. The forces of heredity and environment as they affect—and afflict—individual lives. Determinism: the inability to express free will.

Expanding ideas of naturalism Another side to nature controlling our destiny, is the nature inside of us such as the need for food, sex, shelter, social dominance, etc. Naturalism doesn’t just focus on nature’s influence. It encompasses many environments, the man-made environment, or finance, industry, and the economy.  Something is always beating down and controlling the lives of lowly individual humans. Naturalist works are more likely to be political than traditional realist works.  A great many naturalists (like Upton Sinclair in The Jungle, which is about the plight of the working poor in Chicago's meat-packing industry) want to expose the cruelty of certain "larger forces," more often than not America's voracious capitalist economy.

In a nutshell Donald Prizer states, "The naturalistic novelist is willing to concede that there are fundamental limitations to man's freedom, but he is unwilling to concede that man is thereby stripped of all value."

Most Popular American Naturalist Writers: Stephen Crane Jack London Theodore Dreiser Frank Norris Edith Wharton

Stephen Crane (1871-1900) The Red Badge of Courage: An Episode of the American Civil War (1895) Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893)  “The Blue Hotel” (1898) “The Open Boat” (1898) “An episode of War” (1890)

Stephen Crane Biography one of America's foremost realistic writers, and his works have been credited with marking the beginning of modern American Naturalism Influenced by William Dean Howells's theory of realism, Crane utilized his keen observations, as well as personal experiences, to achieve a narrative vividness and sense of immediacy matched by few American writers before him. Critics suggest that [Maggie: A Girl of the Streets] was a major development in American literary Naturalism and that it introduced Crane's vision of life as warfare: influenced by the Darwinism of the times, Crane viewed individuals as victims of purposeless forces and believed that they encountered only hostility in their relationships with other individuals, with society, with nature, and with God. http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/stephen-crane

Crane’s Naturalism, however, was tempered by his belief that in such an indifferent universe, people must stick together with acts of kindness and compassion to counter the terrible forces to which they are subjected. In his writing, Crane asks questions rather than providing answers. This encourages the reader to delve deeper into understanding mankind in the face of brutal natural forces.

Jack London (1876-1916) The Call of the Wild (1903) White Fang (1906) “To Build a Fire” (1902)

London wrote passionately and prolifically about the great questions of life and death, the struggle to survive with dignity and integrity, and he wove these elemental ideas into stories of high adventure based on his own firsthand experiences at sea, or in Alaska, or in the fields and factories of California. As a result, his writing appealed not to the few, but to millions of people all around the world.

If man is at the mercy of nature…then what’s the point? Right? "I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dry rot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet. The proper function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use my time" Jack London  (1876 - 1916)