A New Industrial Age Chapter 6

The Railroad Why was the U.S. Destined to become an industrialized nation? Transportation Building Materials Energy Sources Communication

Transcontinental Railroad Union Pacific & Central Pacific Railroad Completed on May 10, 1869 Linked the East and West

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroads Helped… Promote trade Provide jobs to immigrants Expand cattle ranching and farming Speed up settlement of the West

Building Materials Concrete Steel Glass Immigrants? Millions of new Americans were willing to work in horrible conditions for little pay All of these materials were used to construct new factories, office buildings and houses for immigrants

Energy Sources Oil Electricity Coal These energy sources would fuel the Industrial Revolution in America

Technology and City Life With the invention of the elevator and the internal steel skeleton, skyscrapers started popping up in the cities Steel-cable suspension bridges were built Bessemer Process Henry Bessemer Brooklyn Bridge

Technology and City Life Electric streetcars and subways expanded cities

Inventors and Innovations

George Westinghouse Air-Brake system for trains Alternating Current ability to send power over long distance

George Pullman Pullman Sleeping Car Provided for easier, more comfortable transportation People travel more

Andrew Carnegie Father of Carnegie Steel Corporation Rose up from being a poor immigrant Helped spur Industrial growth

J.P. Morgan Banking and finance Purchased Carnegie Steel and created U.S. Steel Corporation

Thomas Edison Wizard of Menlo Park Invented the light bulb 1,000 + patents Helped provide affordable and safe lighting for all families and industries

John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Trust Became the World’s Richest Man Perfected horizontal integration and “Trusts”

What is a Trust? a form of business entity used in the late 19th Century with intent to create a monopoly. Some but not all were organized as trusts in the legal sense. They were often created when corporate leaders convinced (or coerced) the shareholders of all the companies in one industry to convey their shares to a board of trustees, in exchange for dividend-paying certificates.

Samuel F.B. Morse Perfected the telegraph Used to send messages during Civil War Enabled messages to be sent quickly over long distances Telegraph Cables crossed the Atlantic Ocean

Alexander Graham Bell Telephone Father of A T&T A pioneer in improving communication for the deaf. Faster communication

Cornelius Vanderbilt Steamships Railroads Was known as Commodore Vanderbilt Father of Vanderbilt University Helped with expansion of railroads and industry

Milton Hershey Company town of Hershey, PA. Town Motto: “The Sweetest Place on Earth” Chocolate

Pierre S. DuPont Wealthy family Gunpowder industry Explosives Today DuPont makes plastics, paints, home products and explosives

Phillip Armour & Gustavus Swift The Meat Kings of Chicago Meat Packing

Philosophies behind the Industrial Revolution Social-Darwinism Rugged-Individualism Laissez-Faire

Laissez-Faire Leave alone Hands-off Let it be economics Government did not interfere in business practices. No regulation

Rugged Individualism The idea that it was a persons responsibility to help themselves No welfare, no safety net Instilled and reinforced the hard work ethic

Social Darwinism “Survival of the Fittest” applied to humanity It was the basic belief that those who deserved and were strongest would become wealthy and those who were poor were obviously not fit enough. Either you were fit or you were not.

Two Views on Industrialists Robber Barons Captains of Industry

Robber Barons

Robber Barons Business owners / industrialists Employed children, women and immigrants for low wages Resisted unions Poor working conditions, hazardous No workman’s compensation, no fringe benefits

Robber Barons / Child Labor

Robber Barons / Child Labor

Robber Barons / Child Labor

Robber Barons / Child Labor

Robber Barons / Child Labor

Robber Barons / Child Labor

Robber Barons / Child Labor

Robber Barons / Child Labor

Robber Barons View is negative Portrays men like Vanderbilt and Rockefeller and Ford as cruel and ruthless These "robber barons" were accused of exploiting workers and forcing horrible working conditions and unfair labor practices upon the laborer.

Captains of Industry The term captain views these men as viewed ingenious and industrious leaders who transformed the American economy with their business skills. They were praised for their skills as well as for their philanthropy (charity). Built libraries, universities, music halls, and contributed to the community.

Captains of Industry