Take a simulation that links physics to sociology: the generative feedback model done by our team at the Santa Fe Institute. Networks are simulated using parameters about how active is each node in finding partners through helpfulness of hubs in a network, at a distribution of distances. Their searches and recruitment of outside partners shape the network and may give in other useful wholistic properties

The outcome distribution of useful or unreachable hubs is one of the wholistic properties of the way that people’s behavior shapes the network

INTEGRATION: YES SEPARATION: NO

Cumulative ties, Biotech Flip these back and forth for sense of dynamics

New ties, Biotech (flip back)

And when we tried to map cohesion topologically in our second article Networks, Fields and Organizations: Micro-Dynamics, Scale and Cohesive Embeddings. 2004. Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory 10(1):95-117. Douglas R. White, Jason Owen-Smith, James Moody, and Walter W. Powell We got the results below, with the results suggesting not only the concentration of hubs (having unusually high degree) on top of a mesa of cohesion, but that there was some kind of wave-like disproportionally populated rim of organizations that were poised at the edge of the cohesive mesa but reaching down to lift up partners lower down.

1988: Money is chasing ideas. Most R&D links are still informal 1988: Money is chasing ideas. Most R&D links are still informal. Only a few biotech products have been brought to market. Great promise, but not a lot of payoff at this point.

1989: Core participants in R&D begin to cohere; this nucleus of R&D attracts more investment.

1990: Several new biotech medicines are approved by U. S. FDA 1990: Several new biotech medicines are approved by U.S. FDA. Big jump in investment in R&D as excitement about feasibility of new search methods for “targeting” diseases builds.

1991: A phase transition appears to occur with an explosion of R&D, backed by previous venture capital.

1992: An altered landscape is in place, in which the participants in the center are tightly connected to one another and are linked to those on the edges, creating a field in which the circulation of resources happens readily.

1993: More participants absorbed into the expansive center.

1994: Dense R&D connecting in the center.

1995:

1996: Some movement out from the center.

1997:

1998: Further thinning of the center, new clusters forming on the edges? New transversal technologies are developing (e.g., genomics) that create new kinds of linkages and capabilities.

1999:

Lloyd-Warner : Murngin (L-S p 188)

Lloyd-Warner : Murngin (L-S p 188)

Figure 5: The Non-Uniqueness of Regular Roles

Cohesive resistance and impact.

Cohesive ties, Biotech Flip these back and forth for sense of dynamics

Novelty ties, Biotech (flip back)

“Keep the eye on the ball” is really an effective heuristic by keeping constant the angle of eye to ball in motion. It outperforms optimization methods that compute the trajectory of the ball. If economics wants to achieve stabilities it needs to focus on heuristic constants rather than equilibrium dynamics as the “Invisible Hand.” Recalibrating value by the normalizing constant for total money supply is supposed to be the job of the U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman. But without regulation on the creation of new money (e.g., mortgage-backed securities) the U.S. and global economies are subject to collapse.

3-connected cohesive groups can be drawn at any size N and in many different configurations of their lines. We can add a point to any of these graphs, connect it to 3 nodes in its group, and the group is still 3-connected. N=10 N=4