The Chemistry of Life 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Nature of Matter Mass Matter Volume Weight The amount of matter in an object Matter Is anything that has mass and occupies space (volume) Physical Properties Color, shape, taste, hardness Volume The amount of space that matter takes up Weight The pull of gravity on that mass 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Physical Properties II Physical Property Property of a compound that can change without involving a change in chemical composition Can be observed, and measured without permanently changing the identity of matter Melting Point Boiling Point 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Chemical Properties Property used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity Behavior of material at ambient condition Property becomes apparent during a chemical reaction Can only be observed by changing the chemical identity 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Important Chemical Reactions Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 12H2O + Light Energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O Cell Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP & Heat) 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Phases of Matter Same substance in different states Solid Phase Liquid Phase Gas Phase Can a pure substance coexist in a phase of equilibrium at the same time? Yes Rates of evaporation and condensation is the same 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Phase Diagram 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Phases of Matter 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

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Chemistry the basics 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

The Elephant of Elements 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Introduction The Periodic Chart Is composed of elements Element A substance composed of atoms having an identical number of protons in each nucleus. A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances Hydrogen is the lightest of all elements and is a colorless and a highly flammable gas Elements are composed of atoms 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Common Elements Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen make up 96.5% of the human body weight Individually, the following elements make up 0.1-1.5% of the human body weight Sodium Magnesium Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Potassium Calcium 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

The Atom 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Atom The smallest particle of an element Atom Nucleus Compounds are substances composed of atoms of two or more elements. Atom Nucleus Protons Positive charge Neutrons Neutral charge Around the Nucleus Electrons Negative Charge Surround the atom Used in the formation of chemical bonds 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Determining Amount of Subatomic Particles The Periodic Chart shows the atomic number and atomic mass of the elements Atomic Number (Z) The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Atomic Mass (A) The absolute atomic mass of an atom Equation A = Z + N N = number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Question If the atomic mass of an element is 29, and the number of neutrons is 15, what element am I talking about? A = Z + N 29 = Z + 15 Z = 29 - 15 Z = 14 What element has an atomic number of 14? Si (Silicon) 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Electrons Can be thought of as being grouped in different layers, or shells Shells (energy levels) are represented by numbers Most outer shell contains valence electrons These are electrons that are used to make chemical bonds—hence the production of molecules 1st shell - capacity of 2 electrons 2nd shell- capacity of 8 electrons 3rd shell - capacity of 18 electrons 4th shell—capacity of 32 electrons How are these numbers calculated? Orbitals 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Orbitals Within shells, orbitals are found Types of orbitals The volume of space, around the nucleus, where electrons are found Types of orbitals Four S - 2 electrons P - 6 electrons D- 10 electrons F - 14 electrons Review of electron configuration Aufbau Principle Lowest-energy orbitals filling up first Distinguishes the energy levels of electrons spinning on the outside of the nucleus of the atom Representation of the orbitals being occupied by electrons Review of Bohr Model http://www.chemicalelements.com 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Hybrids Developed by Linus Pauling in 1931 Showed, mathematically, how orbitals on an atom can combine and hybridize, to form equivalent atomic orbitals. The concept explains how carbon forms four equivalent tetrahedral bonds but does not explain why it does so. 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Orbitals to Hybrids 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Hybrids 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

What’s so Special About Carbon? It is the backbone of all life Has the ability to make 4 bonds In order to be happy Has 4 valence electrons At the second energy level. Any object on earth containing carbon is known as an Organic molecule All others are known as Inorganic molecules 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

Functional Groups Functional group A group of atoms within a molecule that has a characteristic chemical behavior. Chemically, a functional group behaves in nearly the same way in every molecule it is a part of. The chemistry of every organic molecule, regardless of size and complexity, is determined by the functional group it contains 12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM

12/31/2018 2:07:48 AM