UNIT 3 THE CONSCIOUS SELF AREA OF STUDY 1: MIND, BRAIN & BODY

THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX The cerebral cortex of each hemisphere can be divided into four regions called cortical lobes Each cortical lobe is associated with different structures and functions. The four lobes are: F-POT FRONTAL LOBE PARIETAL LOBE OCCIPITAL LOBE TEMPORAL LOBE KK 5B – PAGE 175-176

THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX There are 3 particular areas of cortex contained within each of the lobes. These include: SENSORY AREAS: Receive and process information from sensory receptors in the body Primary visual cortex (occipital lobe) Primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe) Primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe) MOTOR AREAS: Receive and process information about voluntary bodily movements Primary motor cortex (frontal lobe) ASSOCIATION AREAS: Receive and combine information from the more specialised areas Allow us to undertake more complex cognitive processes KK 5B – PAGE 175-176

THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THE FRONTAL LOBE POSITION: Occupies the upper forward half of each cerebral hemisphere, right behind the forehead ROLE: Contains the primary motor cortex Contains Broca’s area for speech production Has an ‘executive’ role in our thinking, feeling and behaving (the pre-frontal cortex) Involved with attention Control and expression of emotions Planning and initiative Coordinates the functions of many of the other lobes KK 5B – PAGE 176-177

THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THE FRONTAL LOBE – THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX POSITION: Located at the rear of each frontal lobe and running roughly across the top of your head ROLE: The left motor cortex controls voluntary movements on the right side of the body The right motor cortex controls voluntary movements on the left side of the body KK 5B – PAGE 176-177

HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 4.3 (pg.178) LEARNING ACTIVITY 4.4 (pg.178) KK 5B – LEARNING ACTIVITY 4.3 (PAGE 178) KK 5B – LEARNING ACTIVITY 4.4 (PAGE 178)

THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THE FRONTAL LOBE – BROCA’S AREA POSITION: Located in the left frontal lobe only, next to the motor cortex areas that control the muscles of the face, tongue, jaw and throat. Roughly in front of, and slightly above, the left ear ROLE: Production of articulate speech, that is, speech that is clear and fluent Coordinates movement of muscles required for speech and supplies this information to the appropriate motor cortex areas Linked to and interacts with areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved with the meaning of words and the structure of sentences Involved with understanding the grammatical structure of a sentence KK 5B – PAGE 178-179

THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THE PARIETAL LOBE POSITION: Located behind the frontal lobe and occupies the upper back half of the brain ROLE: Contains the primary somatosensory cortex which enables us to perceive bodily sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature, muscle movement and the position of our limbs Receives and combines information from within the lobe and other structures and areas in the brain Enables us to sense the position of our body and limbs in space Attention and spatial reasoning KK 5B – PAGE 180-182

THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THE PARIETAL LOBE – THE PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX POSITION: Located at the front of each parietal lobe, just behind and parallel to the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe ROLE: The left somatosensory cortex receives and processes sensory information from the right side of the body The right somatosensory cortex receives and processes sensory information from the left side of the body KK 5B – PAGE 180-182

HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 4.5 (pg.182) KK 5B – LEARNING ACTIVITY 4.5 (PAGE 182)

THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THE TEMPORAL LOBE POSITION: Located in the lower, central area of the brain, above and around the top of each ear ROLE: Contains the primary auditory cortex that receives and processes sounds from both ears Contains the hippocampus and amygdala Plays important role in memory Enables us to identify objects and recognise faces Controls our emotional responses to sensory information and memories KK 5B – PAGE 183-184

THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THE TEMPORAL LOBE – THE PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX POSITION: Located at the top of each temporal lobe just below the parietal lobe ROLE: Receives and processes sounds from both ears Has specialised areas that receive and process different features of sound and identify the sound (eg. frequency & amplitude) Specialised areas process different types of sound (eg. verbal sounds in the left hemisphere, non-verbal in the right hemisphere) KK 5B – PAGE 183-184

THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THE TEMPORAL LOBE – WERNICKE’S AREA POSITION: Located towards the rear of the left temporal lobe only, next to the primary auditory cortex ROLE: Also involved in speech production but has a crucial role in the comprehension of speech; more specifically, in interpreting the sounds of human speech Locates the appropriate words from memory to express intended meanings when we speak or write KK 5B – PAGE 184-185

THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX BROCA’S & WERNICKE’S AREA – WORKING TOGETHER STEP 1: Wernicke’s area interprets the sound of human speech STEP 2: Broca’s area coordinates the movements of the muscles required for speech and supplies this information to the appropriate motor cortex areas STEP 3: The motor cortex controls the movements of the muscles in and around the mouth and tongue to produce speech STEP 4: Speech is produced KK 5B – PAGE 184-185

THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THE OCCIPITAL LOBE POSITION: Located at the rearmost area of each cerebral hemisphere, at the back of your head ROLE: Contains the primary visual cortex Almost exclusively devoted to the sense of vision Association areas interact with the primary visual cortex to select, organise and integrate visual information Interacts with the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes to integrate visual information with other information such as memory, language and sounds KK 5B – PAGE 187-188

THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THE OCCIPITAL LOBE – THE PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX POSITION: Located at the base of each occipital lobe ROLE: The major destination for visual information from the two eyes (the photoreceptors on the retina) The left half of each eye (receives visual sensory information from the right visual field) sends information to the left visual cortex The right half of each eye (receives visual sensory information from the left visual field) sends information to the right visual cortex KK 5B – PAGE 187-188

CLASSROOM ACTIVITY DRAWING THE BRAIN ON A BALLOON LEARNING ACTIVITY 4.8 (pg.190) KK 5B – CLASSROOM ACTIVITY – LEARNING ACTIVITY 4.8 (PAGE 190)

HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 4.6 (pg.190) KK 5B – LEARNING ACTIVITY 4.6 (PAGE 190)