Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Andrew Jackson: 1767 - 1845 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Champion of the “Common Man”? Essential Question: Champion of the “Common Man”? “King” Andrew? OR

What were the democratic trends in the 19c?

Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

Why Increased Democratization? White male suffrage increased Party nominating committees. Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors. Spoils system. Rise of Third Parties. Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.) Two-party system returned in the 1832 election: Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854) Democrats (1828)

Jackson's Early Life

Jackson’s First Hermitage Residence

First Known Painting of Jackson, 1815

General Jackson During the Seminole Wars

Jackson's First Presidential Run

The “Common Man’s” Presidential Candidate

William H. Crawford [GA] Jackson’s Opponents in 1824 Henry Clay [KY] John Quincy Adams [MA] John C. Calhoun [SC] William H. Crawford [GA]

Results of the 1824 Election A “Corrupt Bargain?”

What were the key issues in 1828?

Back to Two-Party System Whigs (National Republicans) led by Clay-Adams Faction Democrats led by Jackson-Van Buren Faction

Whigs (National Republicans) The party of modernization; Looked forward to the future. Wanted to use federal and state government to promote economic growth, especially transportation and banks. Advocated reforms such as temperance and public schools and prison reform. Were entrepreneurs who favored industry and urban growth and free labor. Favored gradual territorial expansion over time Whig ideology of urbanization, industrialization, federal rights, commercial expansion was favored in the North.

Democrats The party of tradition. Opposed banks and corporations as state-legislated economic privilege. Opposed state-legislated reforms and preferred individual freedom of choice. Were Jeffersonian agrarians who favored farms and rural independence and the right to own slaves. Favored rapid territorial expansion over space by purchase or war. Believed in progress through external growth. Democratic ideology of agrarianism, slavery, states rights, territorial expansion was favored in the South.

Rachel Jackson Final Divorce Decree

Jackson in Mourning for His Wife

1828 Election Results

Jackson becomes first Western president

The Center of Population in the Country Moves WEST

The New “Jackson Coalition” The Planter Elite in the South People on the Frontier State Politicians – spoils system Immigrants in the cities.

Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man” Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege. His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.” Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

The Reign of “King Mob”

Andrew Jackson as President

Spoils System

The “Peggy Eaton Affair”

The Nullification Issue

Sen. Daniel Webster [MA] The Webster-Hayne Debate SOVEREIGNTY Sen. Daniel Webster [MA] Sen. Robert Hayne [SC]

1830 Webster: Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Jackson: Our Federal Union—it must be preserved. Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.

The Tariff Issue

1832 Tariff Conflict 1828 --> “Tariff of Abomination” 1832 --> new tariff South Carolina’s reaction? Jackson’s response? Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff?

Jackson's Native-American Policy

Five Civilized Tribes The 5 Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminole had largely adopted White ways, even owning black slaves Cherokees were by treaty a sovereign nation within Georgia, with capital at New Echota

The Cherokee Nation After 1820

Then, Gold was discovered at Dahlonega, first gold rush in US,1828

Indian Removal Jackson’s Goal? 1830  Indian Removal Act Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) * “domestic dependent nation” Worcester v. GA (1832) Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

Indian Removal

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

Jackson’s Professed “Love” for Native Americans

Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma Today

Indian Reservations Today

Renewing the Charter of the 1st National Bank

The National Bank Debate President Jackson Nicholas Biddle

Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S. “Soft” (paper) $ “Hard” (specie) $ state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely. supported rapid economic growth & speculation. felt that coin was the only safe currency. didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes. suspicious of expansion & speculation.

The “Monster” Is Destroyed! “pet banks”? 1832  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd National Bank of the United States. 1836  the charter expired. 1841  the bank went bankrupt!

The Downfall of “Mother Bank”

An 1832 Cartoon: “King Andrew”?

Jackson’s Use of Federal Power VETO 1830  Maysville Road project in KY [state of his political rival, Henry Clay]

1832 Election Results Main Issue?

The Specie Circular (1836) “wildcat banks.” buy future federal land only with gold or silver. Jackson’s goal?

Results of the Specie Circular Banknotes lose their value. Land sales plummeted. Credit not available. Businesses began to fail. Unemployment rose. The Panic of 1837!

The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren “Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

Andrew Jackson in Retirement

Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death) 1767 - 1845