Enlightenment Ideas Reach Latin America Simon Bolivar Toussaint L’Ouverture In the 1700s, educated creoles read the works of Enlightenment thinkers. Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution inspired Latin Americans of change Bolivar traveled in Europe and was inspired by the ideals of “liberty, equality, and fraternity” From 1810 - 1821, Bolivar led uprisings that would eventually establish Venezuela as a republic. Earned the name “The Liberator” and would move south into Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia…he joined forces with Jose de San Martin to help fight for freedom from Spain In Haiti, the island’s slaves rose up in revolt in 1791. Self-educated former slave named L’Ouverture (too SAN loo vehr TOOR) was an intelligent and skillful leader. The fighting took more lives than any other revolution in the Americas. But by 1798, they achieved their goal…slavery was abolished! April 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte sent a large army to reconquer the former colony. French agreed to truce but they captured Toussaint and carried him in chains to France. He died there in a cold prison a year later. In January 1804, island declared independence; in 1820, became a republic

Revolts in Mexico and Central America Creole priest in Mexico: Father Miguel Hidalgo “el Grito de Dolores” – the cry of Dolores; it called Mexicans to fight for independence from the Spanish Poor mestizos and Native Americans rallied to Father Hidalgo and marched to the outskirts of Mexico City After some early successes, the rebels faced growing opposition; less than a year after he issued the “Grito” Hidalgo was captured and executed, and his followers scattered.

Jose Morelos Continues the Fight Priest: Jose Morelos – mestizo who called for wide-ranging social and political reform. Wanted to improve conditions for the majority of Mexicans, abolish slavery, and give the vote to all men For 4 years, Morelos led rebel forces but he too was captured and shot in 1815.

Mexico Wins Independence In Spain in 1820, liberals forced the king to issue a constitution. This move alarmed Agustin de Iturbide (ee toor BEE day), a conservative creole in MEXICO! Iturbide spent years fighting Mexican revolutionaries but in 1821, he reached out to them and overthrew the Spanish viceroy…Mexico was independent at last Iturbide took the title Emperor Agustin I; soon liberal Mexicans toppled the monarch and set up the Republic of Mexico

The Unification of Germany Topic 14.3

Moving Toward a Unified Germany Between 1806 and 1812, Napoleon made important territorial changes in German-speaking lands…he annexed lands along the Rhine River for France. Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire He also organized a number of German states into the Rhine Confederation At first, some Germans welcomed the French emperor but not all did… a sense of German nationalism emerged…the people began to demand a unified German state. Liberals went as far as to offer Fredrick William IV of Prussia the throne of a united German state… he rejected!

What is Nationalism? A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country.

Bismarck Becomes the Architect of German Unity Was able to unite Germany Otto von Bismarck came from Prussia’s Junker (YOONG kur) class (made up of conservative landowning nobles) Background in politics: served Prussia as a diplomat in Russia and France. Became prime minister to King William I. Then in 1871, became chancellor (highest official) of a united Germany. “blood and iron” speech: more money to build up army. Realpolitik (ray AHL poh lee teek) or real politics: based on the needs of the state…power was more important than principles. His main goal was not German nationalism but rather to increase Prussia’s power! His primary loyalty was to the Hohenzollerns (how un TSAWL urnz)…the ruling dynasty of Prussia.

With a Powerful Army… Bismarck strengthened the army with money that had been collected for other purposes…now he was ready to pursue an aggressive foreign policy! Denmark and Austria: First military maneuver was to form an alliance in 1864 with Austria…then they seized land from Denmark. After the short war, they divided up the spoils (Austria got Holstein and Prussia got Schleswig). Austro-Prussian War: In 1866, Bismarck invented an excuse to attack Austria. The war lasted 7 weeks and ended in a Prussian victory; Prussia then annexed (took control of) several north German states. Franco-Prussian War: 1870; In France, the Prussian victory over Austria angered Napoleon III, a growing rivalry between the two nations would lead to war. Prussia had the superior force and was able to accept Napoleon III’s surrender within a few weeks. France was HUMILIATED and would leave a bitter and strong feeling for revenge against Germany.