Solanicephala “Spudheads”

Cephalochiridum (aka “head-arm”) Characters Present Absent Character States Cephalochiridum (aka “head-arm”)

Characters Present Present Absent Eyes

Taxon/Character Matrix

Characters We have different states for the same character, which represent the products of descent with modification BUT, How can we tell which was the ancestral condition and which is the derived state?

Outgroup A “Stand In” for the Ancestor

Three Possible Trees A B C D A C B D Tree 1 Tree 2 A D C B Tree 3

Mapping Characters A B C D A C B D A D C B 2 changes 1 change Tree 1 Head-arm loss 2 changes Tree 3

Mapping Characters A B C D A C B D A D C B 1 + 2 = 3 changes loss Tree 2 loss Tree 1 A D C B Head-arm loss Eyes loss 2 + 1 = 3 changes Tree 3

Results from Initial Analysis?

A C B D A B C D A D C B loss loss loss 8 10 11 Tree 1 Tree 2 Tree 3 Head-arm Ears Mustache Loss of Feet Eyes Nose Arms

Results with Internal Anatomy?

A C B D A B C D A D C B loss loss 11+ 4 = 15 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 2 = 12 Tree 1 Tree 2 Tree 3 Internal Teeth Internal Tongue

Results with Molecular Data?

A C B D A B C D A D C B loss loss loss loss 15 + 4 = 19 12 + 2 = 14 12 + 4 = 16 Tree 1 Tree 2 Tree 3 Nucleotide Position 5 Nucleotide Position 10