Carbon Compounds and Biomolecules -Most of the compounds that make up your body contain carbon. -Carbon containing compounds are often called “organic” compounds. A trans-fatty acid

Pheromones Pheromones are organic compounds produced by an organism & used to communicate with other organisms. “Killer” bee attack signal Moth mating lure Ants food trail, etc.

Carbon Fiber High strength, but very low weight fiber. Used in sports and military applications

Carbon Allotropes When an element can take on different shapes, functions, or structures because of different bonding arrangements of the atoms, these are called allotropes. Diamonds, graphite, and nanotubes are all allotropes of carbon.

Hydrocarbons are the simplest Organic Molecules Hydrocarbons are chains of Carbon surrounded by Hydrogen.

Hydrocarbons are grouped into 3 classes Alkanes Only single bonds connecting the carbon atoms in the chain Octane C8H12

Hydrocarbons are grouped into 3 classes 2. Alkenes Contain at least one double bond

Hydrocarbons are grouped into 3 classes 3. Alkynes Contain at least one triple bond

Examples Alkynes

Molecular Modeling

Different Types of molecular models Molecules can be modeled in several different ways: Chemical Formula Structural Formula Skeletal Structure Space-filling Model

Propane modeled 5 separate ways C3H8 propane: chemical formula propane: space-filling model propane: skeletal structure

Hydrocarbon skeletal structure Sometimes, in an effort to simplify things, we only show the “skeletal structure” of an organic molecule Where are the Hydrogen’s??? Butane skeletal structure

Hydrocarbon skeletal structure When you see a naked organic skeleton, the “joints” represent carbon atoms, and the Hydrogen atoms are left out. Carbon Octane skeletal structure

Hydrocarbon skeletal structure The “lines” between the joints represent the bonds between the atoms. In this case, they are all single bonds, so this is an alkane Bonds Octane skeletal structure

Functional Groups

Functional Groups In organic compounds, clusters of atoms called functional groups influence how the molecule acts. The chemical reactions that a molecule can undergo are often dictated by the functional groups it contains. There are 6 major functional groups that you need to know:

Major Functional Groups And don’t forget the “methyl” group!

Adding a hydroxyl group to a hydrocarbon forms an alcohol

Carbonyl Group Review: C=O group Carbon atom that is double bonded to an Oxygen atom Functional properties change depending on where in the molecule the carbonyl group is found…

Carbonyl Group Review: H H O H If a carbonyl functional group lands in the middle of a molecule, it is classified as a ketone. If a carbonyl functional group lands at the end of a molecule (on the last carbon), it is classified as an aldehyde. H C C C C H H H H

Ketone or Aldehyde? H O H H C C C H H H Ethanal (a.k.a. acetaldehyde) and Propanal are the only Aldehydes (Top right is a ketone!)

Isomers & Chirality

isomers

Isomers of pentane (C5H12)

Chiral Isomers The two isomers are designated “L” or “D” form, from the Latin words for left and right “levo”= left “dextro”= right The “handedness” of the molecule is also known as its “chirality”

Homochirality When all the isomers utilized in a molecule are the same “handedness” they are said to be homochiral. All proteins and sugars utilized for life are homochiral.

Homochirality All proteins and sugars utilized for life are homochiral. All amino acids used to build proteins are “L-form” All sugars are “D-form”

Introduction to Hydrocarbon Nomenclature (naming rules)

Hydrocarbon general naming formulas CnH2n+2 = alkane CnH2n = alkene CnH2n-2 = alkyne

1) C7H16 ____________ 2) Ethene __________ 3) C4H8 ____________ Try it out: Convert the following… 1) C7H16 ____________ 2) Ethene __________ 3) C4H8 ____________ 4) Octane __________ 5) C6H10 ____________ 6) Nonane __________

Hydrocarbons can form rings Hydrocarbons can form rings ***Note that the general formula won’t work on rings. You must look at the bond lines*** C5H10 C6H12 C6H6

When a hydrocarbon forms a ring, we typically use the term “cyclo” to denote it Cyclopentane Cyclohexene

Benzene is the most important ring compound