Carbon Chemistry Carbon is unusual Bonds strongly to itself Forms long chains or rings Biomolecule – molecule that functions in maintaining and reproducing life Organic compounds – vast majority of carbon compounds Exceptions – oxides and carbonates

A. Carbon Bonding When carbon has 4 atoms bound to it these atoms have a tetrahedral shape.

A. Carbon Bonding Double bond Triple bond Sharing of 2 pairs of electrons Triple bond Sharing of 3 pairs of electrons

B. Alkanes Hydrocarbons – compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen Saturated – all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds Unsaturated – containing carbon-carbon multiple bonds

B. Alkanes Alkanes – saturated hydrocarbons

B. Alkanes Normal, straight-chain or unbranched hydrocarbons Contain strings or chains of carbon atoms Representations

B. Alkanes

C. Structural Formulas and Isomerism Structural isomerism – occurs when 2 molecules have the same atoms but different bonds

D. Naming Alkanes Basic principles: The name for an alkane is based on Greek root with the suffix –ane.

D. Naming Alkanes Basic principles: For branched hydrocarbons use the longest continuous chain for the root name.

D. Naming Alkanes Basic principles Alkanes missing one H atom can have another hydrocarbon attached at the missing H point.

D. Naming Alkanes Basic principles: Specify the names of substituents by numbering the C atoms starting at the end closest to the branching.

D. Naming Alkanes Basic principles:

D. Naming Alkanes Basic principles: If a substituent occurs more than once use a prefix to show this. 2,3-dimethylpentane

D. Naming Alkanes Page 710

E. Petroleum Hydrocarbons are an energy resource.

E. Petroleum Petroleum – thick, dark liquid composed mostly of hydrocarbon compounds Natural gas – consists mostly of methane, usually associated with petroleum deposits

F. Reactions of Alkanes Combustion – reaction with oxygen Substitution – one or more H atoms are replaced with different atoms

F. Reactions of Alkanes Dehydrogenation – one or more H atoms are removed and the product is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

G. Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes – hydrocarbon containing carbon-carbon double bonds General formula CnH2n Alkynes – hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple bonds General formula CnH2n - 2

G. Alkenes and Alkynes

G. Alkenes and Alkynes Reactions of Alkenes Addition reactions – new atoms form single bonds to the carbons formerly involved in a double or triple bond Hydrogenation – use H2 as the reactant to be added Halogenation – addition of halogen atoms Polymerization – joining of many small molecules to form a large molecule

H. Aromatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons – cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons with strong aromas

H. Aromatic Hydrocarbons Benzene – simplest aromatic hydrocarbon

I. Naming Aromatic Compounds Monosubstituted benzenes – use the substituent name as a prefix of benzene

I. Naming Aromatic Compounds Disubstituted benzenes – use numbers to indicate the position of substituents and the substituent name as a prefix of benzene

I. Naming Aromatic Compounds Complex aromatic molecules

J. Functional Groups Functional group – additional atom or groups of atoms (containing elements in addition to H and C) found on a mostly hydrocarbon molecule

K. Alcohols All alcohols contain the –OH group.

K. Alcohols

L. Properties and Uses of Alcohols Methanol starting material for making acetic acid and many adhesives, fibers and plastics motor fuel Ethanol Fermentation product Fuel additive used to make gasohol

L. Properties and Uses of Alcohols Other alcohols Ethylene glycol – automotive antifreeze Phenol – production of adhesives and plastics

M. Aldehydes and Ketones Carbonyl group – carbon oxygen group found in both aldehydes and ketones Ketone – carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms

M. Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehyde – carbonyl group always appears on the end of the hydrocarbon chain and has at least one H atom bonded to the carbonyl group

M. Aldehydes and Ketones

N. Naming Aldehydes and Ketones Use the parent alkane name. Remove the e and replace it with al.

N. Naming Aldehydes and Ketones Use the parent alkane name. Remove the e and replace it with one. Use a number to indicate the position of the carbonyl group in the hydrocarbon chain. Select the number so that the carbonyl has the lowest possible number.

O. Carboxylic Acids and Esters Carboxylic acids – contains the carboxyl group COOH General formula RCOOH Weak acids in solution

O. Carboxylic Acids and Esters To name carboxylic acids Use the parent alkane name. Remove the e and replace it with oic.

O. Carboxylic Acids and Esters

O. Carboxylic Acids and Esters Esters – a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to form an ester and a water molecule General formula

O. Carboxylic Acids and Esters To name esters Use the alkyl name from the alcohol followed by the acid name, where the –ic ending is replaced by –ate. isopropylethanoate

P. Polymers Polymers – large chainlike molecules made from many small molecules called monomers Simplest polymer – polyethylene Polyethylene results from addition polymerization.

P. Polymers Condensation polymerization – a small molecule (often water) is released for each addition of a monomer to the polymer chain Nylon Copolymer – 2 different types of monomers combine to form the chain