Reaction, Revolution & Romanticism 1815-1850

Europe 1812

The Congress of Vienna September 1, 1814 - June 9, 1815

Main Objectives The task was to undo everything that Napoleon had done: Reduce France to its old boundaries - frontiers pushed back to 1790 levels Restore as many of the old monarchies that had lost their throne during Napoleonic era ----- Meeting Notes (1/30/14 11:24) -----

Key Players @ Vienna Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Key Principles Established Legitimacy Balance of Power Compensation Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years France to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs Reactionary to revolutions based on conservatism

Changes Made @ Vienna France deprived of Napoleon expansion Russia given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland) Prussia given half of Saxony, parts of Poland and other German territory Germanic Confederation of 38 states (including Prussia) created from previous 300, under Austrian rule Austria given back territory lost plus more in Germany and Italy The House of Orange given the Dutch Republic and Austrian Netherlands to rule

Changes Made @ Vienna Norway and Sweden joined Neutrality of Switzerland guaranteed Britain given Cape Colony, South Africa and various other colonies in Africa and Asia Sardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy and Genoa Bourbon Ferdinand I restored in Two Sicilies

Europe After C of V

Conservatism Philosophy developed to repress liberal/nationalist ideals from French Rev Burke - society a contract to be preserved by generations - no sudden change Maistre - absolute monarchy - “order in society” Advocated for hereditary monarchy, landed aristocracy, gov bureaucracies and Church Holy Alliance 1818 Aus, Rus, Prus – repress liberal thought & enforce Christianity

Concert of Europe (Congress System) Reaffirmation of the Quadruple Alliance Meet and discuss from time to time to preserve balance of power France brought in 1818 Principle of Intervention - Britain not cool with

Latin America Napoleon topples Bourbon Monarchy in Spain - lose influence in Latin Am Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin lead revolts for ind in Latin America Continental Powers wanted to intervene Britain and Monroe Doctrine said “No dice”

Latin Am Revolts

Italy & Spain 1820 liberal revolutionaries overthrow Ferdinand I of Italy and Ferdinand VII of Sp Concert of Europe successful at restoring order – Principle of Intervention Austrian forces in Italy French forces in Spain

Greek Revolt The “Eastern Question” - what to do about the Ottoman influence in Europe 1820 sentiment of revolution in Greeks 1827 supported by British/French fleet 1828 Russia declares war on Ottoman Empire 1830 R,F,B declare Greek Ind

Conservative Gov in GB Both political factions (Tories & Whigs) largely made up of aristocrats Whigs becoming more open to industrial class Tories dominate til 1830 little desire for change Corn Laws 1815 - help landed elite 1819 Peterloo Massacre Gov crackdown (Six Acts)

Peaceful Progress in GB Reform Bill 1832 eliminates “rotten boroughs” Chartist movement fails on universal male suffrage but joins forces for Anti Corn League Corn Laws repealed 1846 Ten Hours Act 1847

France Steps Back Louis XVIII kept many of changes from Rev Civil Code, property rights, bicameral leg Pressured by liberals for more reform and ultraroyalists for a return to old regime 1824 power passed to his bro count of Artois becoming Charles X - favored aristocracy Military adventure to Algeria July Ordinances gets him canned

German States Fred William III had embraced ideals of Napoleon After 1815 becomes reactionary Burschenschaften Carlsbad Decrees of 1819

Why was Metternich such a stick in the mud? Austrian Empire a multinational state Collection of people held together simply by bond of Habsburg emperor Ideals of nationalism and liberalism would crush the empire so keep status quo at all costs

Russia & Decembrist Revolt Alexander reverses policies and more reactionary after Napoleon Northern Union – intellectuals eyes opened to west during Napoleon Alexander’s death – Constantine v. Nicholas December 1825 Nicholas crushes dissenters Policeman of Europe

1848 Revs Fail France – Lib/Socialists can’t agree – 2nd Republic will become 2nd Empire Austria – Nationalism just won’t work in multi- ethnic state Francis Joseph with help from Nicholas I (Russia) Prussia – Little German vs Big German question takes too long and Frederick William says no to “crown from gutter”