The role of endplate poromechanical properties on the nutrient availability in the intervertebral disc A. Malandrino, D. Lacroix, C. Hellmich, K. Ito,

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The role of endplate poromechanical properties on the nutrient availability in the intervertebral disc A. Malandrino, D. Lacroix, C. Hellmich, K. Ito, S.J. Ferguson, J. Noailly Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 22, Issue 7, Pages 1053-1060 (July 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.005 Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 BEP samples. a) Localization within the central ROI of the vertebra. b) CT scan-based reconstruction and c) CFD mesh modelling. d) Final CFD 3D configuration and planar projection of the simulation conditions for the permeability calculation. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1053-1060DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.005) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Plot of the average pressure along the direction of the flow across one of the specimens tested. The BEP functional thickness is delimited by the vertical light grey lines (change in pressure slope), where hydraulic resistance is evaluated. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1053-1060DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.005) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Power-law fit between BEP permeability and porosity for the samples both ungrouped (Nsamples = 50), and grouped per vertebra (Nvertebra = 9), and representation of the Kozeny–Carman model fit. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1053-1060DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.005) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Variation of the logarithm of the BEP permeability with the solid volume fraction of the BEP, and comparison with other bone measurements in the literature. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1053-1060DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.005) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Fluid velocity distribution within the CEP with the two cases of extreme BEP poromechanical values (high and low) found in the present study, under high-rate mechanical loading and unloading. a) Plots of CEP fluid velocity (arrows) mapped onto the FE mesh used and b) histogram of CEP fluid velocity calculated at the centroids of the elements. The x-axis shows ranges of velocities, and y-axis shows the corresponding (to each range) percentage of elements. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1053-1060DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.005) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions