How did the Enlightenment come about? Why is it significant today? Scientific Revolution Renaissance Reformation Scientific Revolution set forth the use of reason & logic to question all of nature’s laws Enlightenment was a new movement questioning all aspects of society – government, religion, economics & education This movement inspired three revolutions & established democracy as we know it Hellenistic Culture (Greeks & Romans) Enlightenment U.S. Bill of Rights Constitution Senaca Falls 1848

What were the two views of government? Opposing Ideas Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, (1651) argued for a “Social Contract” where people give up their rights to a strong leader, in exchange for law & order Does he have faith in human behavior? John Locke, Two Treaties of Government, (1690), argued for “Natural Rights” – life, liberty, & property, he believed in human behavior that people could learn from experience & govern themselves Methods of Governing “Social Contract” “Natural Rights”

Today’s Standard 1. What did the Hellenistic period influence during the Middle Ages? See Notes 10.2 Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects worldwide on the political expectations for self-government and individual liberty. 10.2 .1 Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America (e.g., John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simón Bolívar, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison). Quiz Cornell Notes

Why was John Locke significant to the Enlightenment? Established Natural Rights Positive view of human nature All born equal Government’s role is to protect these Natural Rights, if not, then citizens have the right to overthrow it (Right to Rebel) Consent of the governed Legacy Influenced English Bill of Rights Influenced Declaration of Independence Influenced the U.S. Constitution

Why was Baron de Montesquieu significant to the Enlightenment? French philosopher, On the Spirit of Laws, (1784) argued that power is to great for one person Established Separation of Powers Legacy Idea Separation of Powers Checks & Balances in the U.S. Constitution

Why was Jean Jacques Rousseau significant to the Enlightenment? French philosopher, The Social Contract, (1762) argued individual freedoms & consent of the governed (power to the people) Established Freedoms Legacy Ideas reflected in the U.S. Bill of Rights

Today’s Standard 1. Explain the differences between Thomas Hobbes and John Locke? Theories & Human Behavior See Notes 10.2 Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects worldwide on the political expectations for self-government and individual liberty. 10.2 .1 Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America (e.g., John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simón Bolívar, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison). Cornell Notes (5 Slides)

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 - 1797) Women need education, just like men, to become virtuous & useful Women’s rights to participate in politics Equal rights for women

Diderot French philosopher and writer Wanted to change the general way of thinking Father of the encyclopedia Denounced slavery Praised freedom of expression Urged education for all

Other great philosophers of the Enlightenment Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet), a French philosopher, argued free speech, fight for tolerance, & religious beliefs Cesare Bonesana Beccaria, a Italian philosopher, argued for abolishment of torture Established Freedoms Legacy Ideas reflected in the U.S. Bill of Rights (Voltaire) Influenced criminal law (Beccaria)

Other great philosophers of the Enlightenment Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, (1792), argued for women’s rights in education & marriage. Women could spread idea of Enlightenment through social gatherings (salons) Legacy Women’s rights groups in North American & Europe This painting by Anicet Charles Lemonnier show a salon in the home of Madame Geoffrin listening to an actor reading aloud from a new play

What did philosophers advocate What did philosophers advocate? What was the impact of the Enlightenment of Western civilization? Five Concepts: Reason Nature Happiness Progress Liberty Method of Delivery: Encyclopedia & Literature Salons (Discussions) Art Music Impact: People have the confidence that human reason can solve social problem

The Enlightenment in Europe Natural Law; Life, Liberty & Happiness John Locke Montesquieu Separation of Powers Rousseau Consent of the Governed Beccaria Abolishment of Torture Wollstonecraft Women’s Rights

Locke & Montesquieu All but women’s rights

Published the Encyclopedia Broke traditional style of music Set a new standard in music; elegance and originality Bridged the classical style to romantic style Wrote the first English novel “Pamela”

Enlightenment Presentations Group Member #1 (Introduce Members) “Good morning, our group members are….” Group Member #2 (Introduce King/Queen) “Our group will discuss…” Group Member #3 (Introduce Reforms) “The Enlightenment influenced our king/queen in the following manner…”

Reforms in government, education, justice and censorship. King of Prussia (1740 – 1786) Abolished serfdom, improved justice in the courts, supported religious freedom and initiated freedom of press. King of Austria (1780 – 1790) Tried to implement the philosophies of the Enlightenment ideas; accomplished limited reform Queen of Russia (1762 – 1796)