South Africa & Apartheid US Global Studies 10 Mr. Riddlebarger

Apartheid Pronounced uh PAHR tayt A policy of racial separation in South Africa from during most of the 20th Century.

South African history 1652: 1st permanent European settlement (Cape Town) established at tip of South Africa by Dutch settlers. Supply port for shipping: Europe to East Indies Dutch farmers (Boers) settle around the area. Kill , enslave or oust inhabitants of area. Used religion to justify view of Africans as inferior. Over the years, Boers continue migrated North of Cape Town.

Zulu Nation Early 1800’s, Zulu’s, under their leader Shaka, are a major force in Southern Africa Zulu’s conquer other tribal groups which puts pressure on the region 1830’s: they will clash with the Boers over land

Zulus v. Boers Britain had taken over Cape Colony in 1815. Boers resent British restrictions on laws outlawing slavery They pack up and head on a northward migration, “The Great Trek” As they expanded out, ultimately, two cultures will collide: Zulus vs. Boers. Zulus hold own initially Boers are mounted and well-armed and ultimately prevail (fighting until late 1800’s)

Boer War Gold & diamonds discovered on Boer lands in late 1800’s Leads to a clash between Boers and British Boer War (1899-1902) is won by the British but at a great cost Grew unpopular at home- concentration camps 1910: British unite Cape Colony and Boer lands into Union of South Africa

Union of South Africa Creation of the Union of South Africa after Boer Wars will lay the foundation of a government with complete racial segregation Run by whites Lasts until 1993

1910-’s to 1940’s Whites make up less than 20% of the population Whites will strengthen their hold on South Africa A system of racial segregation is set up to ensure white dominance in: Economics Politics Society Better paying jobs go to whites Best lands went to whites; blacks moved to “reserves” Black had to carry a pass (ID) at all times No voting by blacks Whites make up less than 20% of the population

Expansion of Apartheid Apartheid system becomes more strict beginning in 1948 Separation of the races Supporters say it will allow each race to develop its own culture In fact, designed to ensure white control of South Africa Blacks treated like foreigners in their own country.

Resistance A nationalist movement (with some support from Christian churches & newspapers) begins demanding rights for blacks African National Congress (ANC) is formed Builds framework for political action that pays off years later No impact is made upon the white South African government initially

Sharpeville ANC will organize marches & boycotts to protest apartheid 1960- police gun down 69 in peaceful demonstration in Sharpeville (black township) Gov. will ban ANC & begins crackdown on those opposed to apartheid.

Impact Sharpeville pushes ANC to move toward an armed struggle Nelson Mandela goes underground He had been an organizer of peaceful resistance Now joins militants for armed struggle Arrested, tried and condemned to life in prison for treason against apartheid Becomes a symbol for freedom & change.

1918-2013 Mandela on trial (1964) “I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal for which I hope to live for and to see realized. But, My Lord, if it needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”

1980’s International pressure upon South Africa increases Demands to end apartheid Release of Mandela Many countries impose sanctions on South Africa Bishop Desmond Tutu wins 1984 Nobel Peace Prize for nonviolent position on apartheid

Apartheid Ends Pressure forces President F.W. de Klerk to end apartheid 1990: lifts ban on ANC & free Mandela 1994: all races can vote for the 1st time

Mandela Elected Mandela is the 1st president of a truly democratic S. Africa Helped heal wounds by bringing former enemies into his government “Let us build together” Today, large economic gap remains between races Many social issues remain