CHAPTER 6 Making War and Republican Governments, 1776–1789 James A. Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Eighth Edition America: A Concise History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 6 Making War and Republican Governments, 1776–1789 Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

1. What are the subjects of this portrait. Where is it set 1. What are the subjects of this portrait? Where is it set? (Answer: Portrait features General George Washington at the time he was the commander of the Continental army in 1780, a black slave man who was probably his valet and companion William Lee, and one of Washington’s horses. The setting is a military one. Washington and Lee are outside a tent; below the bluff on the riverbank is a larger American military encampment.) 2. What meaning do you think the artist intended for all of the paper documents depicted in the portrait—those on the ground and those in Washington’s hand? (Answer: The papers on the ground are British orders and proclamations. These have clearly been discarded and walked over by Washington, symbolizing the Americans’ rejection of British authority. The papers Washington holds are American—the Declaration of Independence and others—and his display of them symbolizes their importance for the American cause.) 3. This portrait was created by a French artist. Why do you suppose he might have created it? (Answer: The artist portrays Washington as a heroic figure. His demeanor and the order of the American military scene are intended to show the nobility of the American cause. Since the French were important American allies during the American Revolution, it is not surprising that a French artist would present Washington in this way.)

I. The Trials of War, 1776–1778 A. War in the North 1. Fighting begins 2. Early American retreat

I. The Trials of War, 1776–1778 B. Armies and Strategies 1. Continental soldiers 6

I. The Trials of War, 1776–1778 C. Victory at Saratoga 1. Problems for the British

I. The Trials of War, 1776–1778 D. The Perils of War 1. Wartime difficulties

I. The Trials of War, 1776–1778 E. Financial Crisis 1. State governments 2. Continental Congress

I. The Trials of War, 1776–1778 F. Valley Forge 1. General Washington’s retreat

II. The Path to Victory, 1778–1783 A. The French Alliance 1. Support for the Patriots 2. British concerns

II. The Path to Victory, 1778–1783 B. War in the South 1. Britain’s Southern Strategy 2. Slave combatants: the “triangular war” 3. Guerrilla Warfare in the Carolinas

II. The Path to Victory, 1778–1783 C. The Patriot Advantage 1. British mistakes

II. The Path to Victory, 1778–1783 D. Diplomatic Triumph 1. The Treaty of Paris

III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776–1787 A. The State Constitutions: How Much Democracy? 1. Republicanism 2. Pennsylvania’s Controversial Constitution 3. Tempering Democracy

III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776–1787 B. Women Seek a Public Voice 1. Postwar demands 18

1. What does this portrait of Judith Sargent Murray suggest to the viewer about her life and social status? (Answer: Murray is a young woman in this portrait and yet she appears to be very intelligent and cultured. She is wearing a flowing silk dress and shawl and holding flowers in a basket. All of these things reveal that she came from a privileged background. The existence of the portrait is also evidence of her family’s wealth and privilege, since those without money could not commission portraits.) 2. To what extent does Murray’s portrait represent American women in the 1790s, if at all? (Answer: Murray was an exceptional woman in many ways as indicated by her social and economic privilege, her level of education, and her success at writing and publishing. She represented the dreams and aspirations of some American women in the 1790s, but not their realities.)

III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776–1787 C. The War’s Losers: Loyalists, Native Americans, and Slaves 1. Financial gains and losses 2. Native Americans 3. Slaves

III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776–1787 D. The Articles of Confederation 1. Approved in Congress November 1777 2. Continuing Fiscal Crisis 3. The Northwest Ordinance 22

III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776–1787 E. Shays’s Rebellion 1. State governments 2. Rebellion in Massachusetts

IV. The Constitution of 1787 A. The Rise of a Nationalist Faction 1. Money debates

IV. The Constitution of 1787 B. The Philadelphia Convention 1. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans 2. The Great Compromise 3. Negotiations over Slavery 4. National Authority

IV. The Constitution of 1787 C. The People Debate Ratification 1. The Antifederalists 2. Federalists Respond 3. The Constitution Ratified