The West

Whaling Whaling New England (Nantucket and New Bedford) Life on a whaling ship The “golden age of whaling,” 1820-1860 Exploring the Pacific

Early Advances Westward Lewis and Clark, 1804-1806 Traders Wagon Trains

Second Great Awakening A religious revival, c. 1790s-1830s Westward migration 1810s, half of all Americans lived in frontier states (Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio) By 1820, eight new states had been admitted to the Union Breakdown of traditional hierarchies Life became more impersonal Raised fears that Americans were losing a sense of community Turned to religion

The Importance of the SGA A frontier movement that spread eastward Created a sense of community Revivals Western religious customs Democratized American Protestantism Religion validated the lives and values of ordinary Americans Preachers often were not educated Services were delivered in everyday language Preachers drew their authority from the laity Laity, rather than church officials, shaped what American Protestantism would be

Mormons Joseph Smith Brigham Young Visions Missouri Illinois Baptism of the dead and polygamous marriage Militarized theocracy Death Brigham Young Salt Lake, Utah Mountain Meadows Massacre

California Mexican California Gold Rush Cattle and ranches Trade and settlement John Charles Fremont Gold Rush Getting there Non-Native population before 1848: 10,000. In 1851: 255,000 Life Prospectors vs. mining companies Hispanic and Chinese miners Native Americans

Comanches Native American Empire? Comanche culture Horse/mule breeders and thieves Hierarchical Polygamous Slave traders, slave owners Protectors Empire disrupters

Texas Anglo migration to Mexican Texas, 1830s Slavery Rebellion Independence