انواع مقالات علمی و اجزای آن افشین استوار دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی بوشهر معاونت پژوهشی

What are the General Article Types? Investigations Hypotheses Literature Reviews Clinical Procedures Case Reports Case Reviews/Series Technical Reports Editorials Commentary Letters to the Editor Conference Reports Just list the types here- you will expand later.

مقاله پژوهشی اصیل (Investigation or Original Article) گزارش یافته های جدید تحقیقاتی در مورد موضوعات مختلف مرتبط با سلامت جنبه های علیتی بیماری ها تعیین تاثیر مداخلات درمانی ارزش آزمونهای تشخیصی تاثیر پروسیجرهای درمانی ... This is the general original research or data report, the mainstay of scientific publication. We will look at the organization of this paper a bit later.

فرضیه (Hypotheses) مطالعات مقدماتی که پایه مطالعات بیشتر را فراهم می کند. مطالعات پایلوت “pilot study” We do not see a great many of these kinds of papers. Often, they are presented as pilot studies, where the feasibility of doing a larger project is studied; thus, you are examining a hypotheses and checking to see whether one can go farther with it (though reasons for not doing so may be logistical as well as scientific). Think of my own work on journal use, where we found some of the cells had no data in them, making it impossible to do any further work since no statistical analysis was possible.

مطالعات مروری (Literature Reviews) ارزیابی نقادانه دانش موجود در مورد یک موضوع مشخص، با تاکید بر همبستگی بیشتر بین مطالب، ذکر نقاط ابهام و مشخص کردن مواردی که نیاز به مطالعات بیشتر دارد. انواع مطالعات مروری مرور روائی (Descriptive (narrative) reviews) مرور نظام مند (Systematic reviews) متاآنالیز (Meta-analytic reviews) See next: For description of literature types.

پروسیجر بالینی (Clinical Procedure) مقالات مختصر آموزشی در مورد پروسیجرهای بالینی و تشخیصی بر اساس دانش موجود اغلب در مجلات بالینی (نه مجلات پژوهشی) منتشر می‌شود. This kind of paper is not often published in a research journal, but is more common in a clinical journal, ie. JBJS, J Chiropractic Medicine.

گزارش مورد (Case Report) گزارش نکات درمانی یا تشخیصی موارد نادر، مشکل یا جالب توجه که معمولا ارزش آموزشی خاصی دارند و یا برای استانداردسازی مراقبت های پزشکی مفید می باشند. Case reports are often looked at as some sort of lower echelon kind of paper. But they have real value- consider the initial report of a bath house used with Kaposi sarcoma- which later led to other such cases being reported and the start of the AIDS epidemic. The fact is- these have real value, especially for clinicians and those in practice. What has to be kept in mind is that we need to assess whether the paper is educational, whether it reports the unusual. There is no point in publishing a case report over something already well established, ie. Manipulation for uncomplicated low back pain. It has to be odd. Or, in the case of chiropractic, we can publish the less odd to show what we are capable of handling.

مرور موارد (Case Reviews) ارزیابی گذشته نگر و مقایسه ای نکات تشخیصی و درمانی گروهی از موارد مشابه با ارزش آموزشی یا استانداردسازی مراقبت های پزشکی One has to be careful here. Once you move beyond a single case report, which as you will recall is supposed to be illustrative, the rigor needed for a paper increases. One does not make a stronger case simply by adding more reports to a case report; that is, a case series or case review is not better just because it has increased numbers. Once you begin to add cases, you need to fdevelop appropriate measures and outcomes so as to make sure you are able to support whatever contention you make. Just because 20 people with a particular problem got better using your wonderful new procedure does not mean the next 20 or even 1 will also get better. You have to move toward a more rigorous design.

گزارش فنی (Technical Reports) گزارش نتیجه ارزشیابی تجهیزات یا پروسیجرهای جدید گزارش نتیجه ارزشیابی تجهیزات یا پروسیجرهای قدیمی که تاکنون ارزشیابی نشده اند. In JMPT we recently published a paper that evaluated the safety of ultrasound devices in a series of chiropractic offices. This is both research and a technical report. Same holds true for the wedge device developed by Sportelli and Winterstein- the reports here are research as reported in a technical report.

یادداشت سردبیر (Editorials) ارائه نقطه نظرات یا دیدگاههای گروه سردبیری مجله جهت تاکید بر شواهدی که دیدگاه را تایید می کنند بحث در مورد نقاط مورد اختلاف This is the editor’s prerogative only. It deals not necessarily with scientific issues, though it can, but also with policy issues and with publication issues. In the past, my own editorials have dealt with publishing, with financial conflict of interest, with how to prepare case reports or structured abstracts, etc. Editorial-it is the opinion piece written by the senior editorial staff or publisher of a newspaper or magazine.  Types of Editorial  1) Information Editorial-it informs the readers of facts that people were aware but they don't know what it means.  2) Criticism Editorial-something that criticize. It also points out the negative action, words,and situation.  3) Argumentation Editorial-it always comes with debate. It persuades the other side of the conversation.  4) Appreciation Editorial-an editorial that gives appreciation to a person or event.  5) Mood Editorial-There is no criticism or Argumentation. But there is Philosophy. The Philosophy of the person or the writer.  6) Entertainment Editorial-something that smiles, laugh, or chuckles you a little.  7) on special occasion-it is an editorial article that gives tribute or in regards to that special event. For example, an editorial about Christmas.

Commentary شباهت زیادی به مقالات Editorial دارد. بحث جدیتر و عمیقتری در مورد موضوعات مورد نظر از جمله موضوعات بالینی، حرفه ای، آموزشی، جنبه های سیاسی یا قانونی مرتبط با موضوع را مطرح می کند. This is where we let things hang out, where less popular ideas or less well supported concepts can get a hearing. The format is less formal, and one can argue passionately. Consider this the “op ed” part of scientific publication.

نامه به سردبیر (Letters to the Editor) نوعی مقاله است که به صورت برقراری ارتباط مستقیم با سردبیر ارائه می شود. ارزیابی نقادانه ای از جنبه های مختلف مجله از جمله از طریق اضافه کردن چیزی، یا ارائه دیدگاهی در مورد مقالات تازه منتشر شده در مجله ارائه می دهد. The purpose of the letter section is as noted here. It is not to get into personal issues, raise issues of general interest to the profession or anything else. It is to point out problems in papers that have been published. There is a real art here. For one thing, letters need to be brief, something I am guilty of not following; otherwise, you end up with letters that are the length of published papers. And you have to be careful not to let things go on to long and allow the letters section to become a part of some ongoing battle between individuals.

(گزارش در کنفرانس (Conference Reports) ارائه خلاصه نتایج به دست آمده در یک پژوهش در یک همایش علمی در قالب کتابچه مقالات You can publish a paper in a conference proceeding and still be able to publish it in a journal; this is acceptable secondary publication. What is interesting is that studies have shown that somewhere around 1-% of papers that are published in conference reports are ever later published in a scientific journal. People do like their free trips to exotic places.

اجزای مقاله علمی عنوان چکیده مقدمه مواد و روش ها یافته ها بحث 7 Oct 07

Thanks! Any question? 7 Oct 07