Industrial Revolution Invention, Innovation, and Impact

Industrial Revolution (1790 – 1830) The Industrial Revolution was a gradual replacement of many hand tools by machines (Factories & Manufactured good) The Second Industrial Revolution (1865 – 1905) included discoveries, inventions, and the Bessemer Process. The Bessemer Processes allowed for an increase in steel production and lead to more railroads and larger buildings.

Inventions & Innovation

Inventions/Innovations of the Revolution Refined Oil- could now be used for cooking lighting, and heating. Creating a large demand. Electricity- The spread of electricity by power companies brought power to homes & businesses. Light Bulb – Thomas Edison’s light bulb allowed for practical light. (Extending work hours) Steel – The Bessemer Process increased the use of steel (Railways, buildings & bridges)

Transportation

Inventions/Innovations of the Revolution Transportation Expansion or Railroads – encouraged by cheaper steel increased transportation of people & goods across the country. Automobile – Ford’s assembly manufacturing made cars more affordable and popular

Communication

Inventions/Innovations of the Revolution Communication Telegraph – Communicating quickly across the country through typed messages Telephone – Bell’s telephones allowed for faster communication. Typewriter – allowed for business and news to travel faster

John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Giants of Industry John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Alexander G. Bell Telephone

Giants of Industry & Monopolies Many entrepreneurs formed businesses as corporations ( businesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares) Andrew Carnegie – Steel John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil Company Alexander Graham Bell - Communication

Giants of Industry & Monopolies Many U.S. citizens were concerned with these large companies started creating monopolies Monopolies – total ownership of a product or service (controlling the prices) Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) made it illegal to created monopolies or trust that restrained trade but was extremely difficult to enforce.

The Impact – Working Conditions The increase in production and the demand of new production lead to poor working conditions. Small crowded work spaces Increased injuries (unsafe work areas) Poor air quality Long hours Low wages No job security Child Labor

Working Conditions

Child Labor

Child Labor

Unions Workers began to organize and demand improvements in working conditions. Labor Unions Wanted 8 Hour Work Days Equal Pay for Equal Work Safer working conditions End Child Labor Workers would come together and go on strikes (often led to violence)

Immigration in the United States Ellis Island and Angel Island

Agenda Compare and Contrast Ellis Island and Angel Island through poems, photographs, and individual stories

“Land of Opportunity” Job Opportunities American Ideals Crowding in native countries Religious Freedom Political unrest in native countries Promise of freedom Reunite with family

Ellis Island Europeans traveled to Ellis Island to be admitted into the United States. Home to Lady Liberty, a sign of America when coming over on boats Immigrants took a citizenship test and had a physical. Typically took 3-5 hrs but could take a day or so depending on paperwork. 12 million immigrated through Ellis Island between 1892-1954

Then and Now

The New Colossus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame With conquering limbs astride from land to land Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" by Emma Lazarus, New York City, 1883

Angel Island Processed 1000s of Chinese Immigrants. The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) made the process long & tedious. Chinese without family members in the U.S. were not allowed to immigrate to the U.S. (relationship had to be proven). Some would stay for days, weeks, or years in detention or awaiting deportation. From 1910-1940, 100,000+ immigrated through Angel Island.

A Dormitory Wall Poem Instead of remaining a citizen of China, I willingly became an ox I intended to come to America to earn a living. The western styled buildings are lofty; But I have not the luck to live in them. How was anyone to know That my dwelling place would be a prison? -Anonymous

Venn Diagram In your groups, complete a Venn-diagram comparing and contrasting Ellis Island to Angel Island. Take into consideration: discussion, pictures, poem, short stories, videos, etc.

Venn Diagram Angel Island Ellis Island Europeans immigrated through here It was a quick process: a matter of hrs or one day Located in New York Did not have to prove family relation to enter country Angel Island Chinese immigrated through here Could be held for days, weeks, or even years Located in California Had to prove on paper the family ties one had in America Gave physical exams before admittance Gave tests of American knowledge Allowed people into USA On islands