What’s the difference? “There is a quiz tomorrow.”

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Presentation transcript:

What’s the difference? “There is a quiz tomorrow.” Mr. Ellis said that there is a quiz tomorrow. 1. Which of these is a direct / indirect statement? 2. How would you characterize an Indirect Statement?

When is a Statement Indirect? Indirect Statement occurs when the speaker or writer of a sentence reports what they or another person said, saw, thought, or perceived in any way--without directly quoting that person said, saw, thought, or perceived.

Examples in English: I heard that they were not here. Caesar said that the die had been cast. The Romans perceived that the enemies were at the gate. They say that the are hungry. Did you say that you will be prepared for the test? I feel that I’m hungry.

How to do this in Latin: The verb of perception or saying conjugates just like any verb. The ‘subject’ or ‘doer’ of the action indirectly being reported goes into the ACCUSATIVE case. The ‘verb’ or action being indirectly reported becomes an INFINITIVE.

Why would the verb in the indirect statement NOT be in the indicative mood?

The Accusative-Infinitive Construction: Ex 1: Marcus said that his father was working. Marcus dixit patrem laborare. Note that patrem (the ‘subject of the indirect statement) is in the Accusative case where as ‘working’ becomes an infinitive because it is the reported action. “Dixit” declines because it is the action of the sentence (or the main verb)

Verbs of Mind or Mouth (M & M) 12. spero 13. nego 14. minor 15. polliceor 16. existimo 17. arbitror 18. oro 19. can(t)o 20. iuro 21. video (that) audio sentio video nosco cognosco dico scio puto arbitror intellego nuntio

How to translate the Accusative/Infinitive in Indirect Discourse Trojanos pervenire audivit. S/he heard that the Trojans were arriving. ‘Trojanos’ is the Accusative SUBJECT of an indirect statement. You should almost always try to get a ‘THAT’ into your translation of an indirect statement.

Infinitives (like participles) Express Relative Time Perfect Infinitives happened before the main verb. Present Infinitives happen at the same time as the main verb. Future Infinitives happen subsequent the main verb.

Infinitive Formation Active Passive -isse esse Perfect Present Future Perfect Stem + -isse 4th Princ Part + esse Present 2nd Principal Part 2nd PP minus ‘e’ or ‘ere’ (3rd conj) + i Future Future Act Partic + esse Rare: Fut Act Partic + iri