Sperm nuclear vacuoles, as assessed by motile sperm organellar morphological examination, are mostly of acrosomal origin  O Kacem, C Sifer, V Barraud-Lange,

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Sperm nuclear vacuoles, as assessed by motile sperm organellar morphological examination, are mostly of acrosomal origin  O Kacem, C Sifer, V Barraud-Lange, B Ducot, D De Ziegler, C Poirot, JP Wolf  Reproductive BioMedicine Online  Volume 20, Issue 1, Pages 132-137 (January 2010) DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.10.014 Copyright © 2009 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Acrosome detection on normal spermatozoa, according to sperm organellar morphological examination. Spermatozoa were immobilized and dried on a smear. The smear was then analysed by Normaski interferential contrast (A and B) and for the acrosomal status using the Pisum sativum agglutinin–fluorescein isothiocyanate (PSA-FITC) detection technique and immunofluorescence (A′ and B′). Merge (A″ and B″). Note the absence of fluorescence after PSA-FITC staining (×6600). Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2010 20, 132-137DOI: (10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.10.014) Copyright © 2009 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Acrosome detection on spermatozoa with nuclear vacuoles, according to sperm organellar morphological examination. Spermatozoa with nuclear vacuoles (see Figure 1) (×6600) (A) spermatozoon with incomplete acrosome reaction, (B) acrosome intact. Immunofluorescence (A′ and B′). Merge (A″ and B″). Highlighted green spots can be seen in the location of the vacuoles (arrows). These spermatozoa had a fluorescent zone on all the anterior head suggesting an intact acrosome or incomplete acrosome reaction (×6600). Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2010 20, 132-137DOI: (10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.10.014) Copyright © 2009 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Live motile spermatozoa analysed by motile sperm organellar morphological examination at consecutive time points. The same spermatozoon with a nuclear vacuole is shown on two consecutive pictures. Panels (A) and (B) show a live motile spermatozoon with protruding blebs (arrows) in the acrosomal region. It could be interpreted as an ongoing acrosome reaction. A different spermatozoon in shown panel (C) exhibits an embossed image. However, the same image looks like a defect of material on the same spermatozoon in (D) (arrows) (×6600). Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2010 20, 132-137DOI: (10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.10.014) Copyright © 2009 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Terms and Conditions