Samuel J. Oliver, PhD, Jennifer L. Brierley, PhD, Philippa C

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Portable Prehospital Methods to Treat Near-Hypothermic Shivering Cold Casualties Samuel J. Oliver, PhD, Jennifer L. Brierley, PhD, Philippa C. Raymond-Barker, MSc, Alberto Dolci, MSc, Neil P. Walsh, PhD Wilderness & Environmental Medicine Volume 27, Issue 1, Pages 125-130 (March 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2015.11.012 Copyright © 2016 Wilderness Medical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Polyethylene survival bag (A) and a multi-layered metallized plastic sheeting survival bag (B: Blizzard Survival bag). Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2016 27, 125-130DOI: (10.1016/j.wem.2015.11.012) Copyright © 2016 Wilderness Medical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Mean thermal responses to a 3-hour cold air exposure (0°C) when shivering cold casualties use a single-layered polyethylene survival bag (P), a single-layered polyethylene survival bag with a hot drink (P+HD), a multi-layered MPS survival bag (MPS: Blizzard Survival bag), and a multi-layered MPS survival bag with 4 large chemical heat pads (MPS+HP: Blizzard Survival Heat bag). The fifth trial was a control (CON) where participants remained seated in an ambient temperature 20.2 ± 1.7°C, relative humidity (RH) 41 ± 6%. Data are presented as individual responses (displayed as dot plots) and mean (as boxes). Statistical annotation are from post hoc multiple comparison tests to examine differences between treatment methods.* indicates difference to CON (P < .05). † indicates difference to P and P+HD (P < .05). # indicates difference to MPS (P < .05). Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2016 27, 125-130DOI: (10.1016/j.wem.2015.11.012) Copyright © 2016 Wilderness Medical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Mean thermal discomfort responses to a 3-hour cold air exposure (0°C) when shivering cold casualties use a single-layered polyethylene survival bag (P), a single-layered polyethylene survival bag with a hot drink (P+HD), a multi-layered MPS survival bag (MPS: Blizzard Survival bag), and a multi-layered MPS survival bag with 4 large chemical heat pads (MPS+HP: Blizzard Survival Heat bag). The fifth trial was a control (CON) where participants remained seated in an ambient temperature 20.2 ± 1.7°C, relative humidity (RH) 41 ± 6%. Data are presented as individual responses (displayed as dot plots) and median (as boxes). Statistical annotations are from post hoc multiple comparison tests to examine differences between treatment methods. * indicates difference to CON (P < .05). Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2016 27, 125-130DOI: (10.1016/j.wem.2015.11.012) Copyright © 2016 Wilderness Medical Society Terms and Conditions