mATTER Anything that has mass and volume (takes up space) Exists usually as a solid, liquid or gas (the fourth state is plasma)

Characteristics (Properties) of Matter Matter has many characteristics (properties) that can be observed: Physical (observed without changing the make up of the substance) Mass Volume Density Color Shape/size Texture

More Physical Properties Conductor of electricity Hardness of a mineral Streak of a mineral Cleavage of a mineral Odor Melting/freezing/boiling point Solubility

Physical Changes A change in a physical property without changing the make up of the substance Examples include: Ripping paper Cutting a piece of yarn Stretching a rubber band Phase changes (water boiling, freezing and melting) Sheep-sheering Separating a mixture (by physical means)

Characteristics of Physical Changes The substance is the SAME before and after  Only the physical properties change A physical change CAN be reversed

Characteristics (Properties) of Matter Matter has many characteristics (properties) that can be observed: Chemical (describe how substances can form new substances) Combustibility Ability to rust Tarnishing pH

Chemical Changes A change in a substance that produces one or more new substances Examples include Nail rusting Wood burning Food cooking Tarnishing of the Statue of Liberty Photosynthesis

Evidence of a Chemical Change Look for: color change bubbling and fizzing (a gas is produced) light or heat production (the release of energy) formation of a solid.

Characteristics of Chemical Changes Substance changes into something else (it is NOT the same before and after) Both physical and chemical properties change A chemical change can NOT be reversed

SOOOOOOOO…… WHERE DO WE BEGIN!?!?!?

Mass The amount of matter an object contains Measured with a triple beam balance Unit (symbol) Gram (g)

Irregular solids and liquids Volume Amount of space a substance takes up Object Irregular solids and liquids Regular solid Measured with Graduated cylinder Metric ruler Unit (symbol) Liter (L) Meter (m)

Density A property of matter representing the mass per unit volume D= m/v Unit (symbol) g/cm3 or g/mL “how jam-packed something is” NOT how light or heavy something is!

Solubility A substance’s ability to dissolve Insoluble means does not dissolve Ex: Hot cocoa mix in milk or water Iced tea mix in water You can speed up the rate at which a substance dissolves by: Stirring Increasing surface area (cutting into smaller pieces) Adding heat

Solubility Words Solute- in a solution, a substance that is dissolved into a solvent Ex) iced tea mix, hot cocoa mix, chocolate syrup Solvent- in a solution, a substance that dissolves a solute, present in the largest percentage Ex) water, when making iced tea there is more water than iced tea mix Solution- a mixture of two or more substances that is identical throughout

More Solubility Words Saturated - containing the maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved (there’s no room) Unsaturated - not saturated, there’s still room Super-saturated - there’s extra at the bottom Concentration - solute / solvent More solute = more concentrated = “stronger” Less solute = less concentrated = “weaker” (diluted)

Solubility Curves Look at the graph and describe the lines! Some increase, some decrease, some slowly, some quickly. It doesn’t matter what the substance is….just how the line looks!

Matter can be pure or mixed Matter can be a pure substance, meaning it only has one type of component: Examples: Elements Contains only one type of atom Gold contains gold atoms Compounds Contains two or more types of atoms bonded together Compounds have very different properties than the elements that make them up Ex) Na (explosive) and Cl (poisonous gas) when mixed, make table salt

Matter can be pure or mixed Mixtures are combinations of substances in which the substance retains its properties M&Ms ~ the red M&M still stays red even though it’s mixed with green and yellow M&Ms Fruit salad ~ all the fruit pieces remain as the individual fruit

Comparing Mixtures and Compounds Individual substances keep properties Compounds have new properties Can be separated by physical means Can only be separated by breaking the bonds that keep them together Proportions of the substances can be different throughout Proportions are the same throughout

Separating Mixtures Can be separated by physical means Color, size, shape, texture Using a magnet (if one part is magnetic) Strainer if mixed in water/other liquid If dissolved in water, evaporate the water