macromolecules Large molecules made up of smaller units 4 categories: Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Amino Acids

lipids

Lipids are fats Vegetable oil Beeswax Plaque

Lipids are hydrophobic Hydro- = water -phobic = fear of Water and lipids don’t like to mix! Things that like water are hydrophilic Hydro- = water -philic = love of

The cell membrane is made of lipids Phospholipids Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails

Membrane is a lipid bilayer

Membrane is a lipid bilayer Allows membrane to interact with water inside and outside the cell

The cell membrane is fluid Constantly moving and flowing (video)

carbohydrates

Carbohydrates give us energy! Short-term energy Long-term energy “Carbo loading”

Carbohydrates are made of sugars “Building blocks” Sugar Sugar Sugar Sugar Sugar STARCH

Carbohydrates are used for: Energy From sugar

Carbohydrates are used for: Energy storage From glycogen (animals) and starch (plants)

Carbohydrates are used for: Structure From cellulose

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are the code for life The “blueprints” of the cell They tell cells their job and what to do

DNA Stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid Double stranded Helix shape (twisted ladder)

DNA Code made of 4 letters A = adenine T = thymine C = cytosine G = guanine

DNA Letters are always in pairs A – T C – G

Give it a try! Write down the complementary sequence to this DNA strand A T G T C C A G

Give it a try! A T G T C C A G T A C A G G T C

Amino acids

Protein review Proteins made in the ER by ribosomes

DNA helps make proteins DNA code is the instructions for proteins DNA = blueprints Proteins = construction workers

Proteins are everywhere! Enzymes Carry out chemical reactions (ex: digestion) Structural proteins Hair, skin, nails Immune proteins Recognize foreign invaders Hormones Signal bodily functions (ex: insulin)

Protein building blocks Amino acids Link together to form chains