Terrestrial Zoogeographic Regions Biogeography Terrestrial Zoogeographic Regions Published as “an update of Wallace’s zoogeographic regions” Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Sites vary in species composition – often as a result of relatively separate and isolated evolutionary history. Holt, Ben G. et al. 2013. An Update of Wallace's Zoogeographic Regions of the World. Science 339:74-78. “Fig. 1. Map of the terrestrial zoogeographic realms and regions of the world. Zoogeographic realms and regions are the product of analytical clustering of phylogenetic turnover of assemblages of species, including 21,037 species of amphibians, nonpelagic birds, and nonmarine mammals worldwide. Dashed lines delineate the 20 zoogeographic regions identified in this study. Thick lines group these regions into 11 broad-scale realms, which are named. Color differences depict the amount of phylogenetic turnover among realms. (For more details on relationships among realms, see the dendrogram and NMDS plot in fig. S1.) Dotted regions have no species records, and Antarctica is not included in the analyses.” Map from Holt et al. (2013) Science

Terrestrial Zoogeographic Regions Published as “an update of Wallace’s zoogeographic regions” Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Holt, Ben G. et al. 2013. An Update of Wallace's Zoogeographic Regions of the World. Science 339:74-78. “Fig. 1. Map of the terrestrial zoogeographic realms and regions of the world. Zoogeographic realms and regions are the product of analytical clustering of phylogenetic turnover of assemblages of species, including 21,037 species of amphibians, nonpelagic birds, and nonmarine mammals worldwide. Dashed lines delineate the 20 zoogeographic regions identified in this study. Thick lines group these regions into 11 broad-scale realms, which are named. Color differences depict the amount of phylogenetic turnover among realms. (For more details on relationships among realms, see the dendrogram and NMDS plot in fig. S1.) Dotted regions have no species records, and Antarctica is not included in the analyses.” Map from Holt et al. (2013) Science: Dotted = 20 regions; Names = 11 realms; Colors = phylogenetic turnover

Terrestrial Biomes (potential distributions) Xxx… Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Notice how different this map is from the next one. Note that anthropogenic influences have dramatically altered what types of ecosystems are actually found in many places throughout the globe. Bowman, Hacker & Cain (2017), Ecological Toolkit Fig. 3.1 (A)

Biogeography Diversity Gradients Birds Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. General latitudinal gradient, but not just a simple latitudinal gradient. Higher diversity often occurs where bands of warm, wet climatic conditions lie (i.e., the Equator). Sites vary in species diversity – often as a result of relatively separate and isolated evolutionary history. Hawkins, Bradford A., Jose Alexandre Felizola Diniz-Filho, Carlos A. Jaramillo & Stephen A. Soeller. 2006. Post-Eocene climate change, niche conservatism, and the latitudinal diversity gradient of New World birds. J. Biogeography… Map from Hawkins et al. (2006) J. Biogeogr.

Biogeography Diversity Gradients Mammals Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. General latitudinal gradient, but not just a simple latitudinal gradient. Higher diversity often occurs where bands of warm, wet climatic conditions lie (i.e., the Equator). Sites vary in species diversity – often as a result of relatively separate and isolated evolutionary history. Willig, M. R., D. M. Kaufman & R. D. Stevens. 2003. Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: Pattern, process, scale, and synthesis. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 34:273-309. Map from Willig et al. (2003) Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.

Diversity Gradients – Vascular Plants Biogeography Diversity Gradients – Vascular Plants Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. General latitudinal gradient, but not just a simple latitudinal gradient. Higher diversity often occurs where bands of warm, wet climatic conditions lie (i.e., the Equator). Sites vary in species diversity – often as a result of relatively separate and isolated evolutionary history. Image from staffwww.fullcoll.edu 6

Biogeography The study of variation in species composition & diversity among geographic locations Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Note that your textbook highlights the work of Alfred Russel Wallace, who was in part inspired by Alexander von Humboldt. Wikipedia “Alexander von Humboldt” page; accessed 1-XI-2014 [Joseph Karl Stieler [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons] [By Bonpland, Aimé, Arzt, Naturforscher, Entdeckungsreisender, Frankreich, 1773 - 1858 (Zentralbibliothek Zürich) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons] Painting (1843) of Alexander von Humboldt & plate from his Geography of Plants (1805) from Wikimedia Commons

Community Assembly Global community Drift, Selection, Speciation Dispersal Dispersal Regional community Drift, Selection, Speciation Dispersal Dispersal Local community A Local community B Drift Drift Selection Selection Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Vellend, Mark & John L. Orrock. 2010. Ecological and genetic models of diversity: Lessons across disciplines. Pp. 439-461 in J. B. Losos & R. E. Ricklefs, eds. The Theory of Island Biogeography at 40: Impacts and Prospects. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Speciation Speciation Redrawn from Vellend & Orrock (2010)

Hierarchy of Scales of Diversity Regional-scale diversity Global diversity Regional-scale diversity or Regional species pool Gamma diversity () Community A Local- scale diversity or Alpha diversity () Community B Local- scale diversity or Alpha diversity () Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. *Beta diversity () *Beta diversity reflects species turnover Original concept from Whittaker (1975)

Indirect Assessment of Local vs. Regional Influences Proportionate increase; regional processes dominate over local processes Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Saturation; local processes limit local richness Bowman, Hacker & Cain (2017), Fig. 18.6

Endemism Found nowhere else 1630 endemic plant species on Southeastern Coastal Plain (Sorrie & Weakley 2001 Castanea) Piedmont Plateau Blue Ridge Appalachian Plateau Valley and Ridge Atlantic Coastal Plain E.g., parrot pitcher plant Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Wikipedia “Sarracenia psittacina” page; accessed 1-XI-2014 [By Kurt Stüber [1] [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons] Jean Huffman made the map on this slide from W. J. Platt book chapter: Platt, W. J. 1999. Southeastern pine savannas. Pp. 23-51 in R. C. Anderson, J. S. Fralish & J. M. Baskin, eds. Savannas, Barrens, and Rock Outcrop Plant Communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Longleaf pine savanna was once the dominant veg. across over 38 million ha of the southeastern Coastal Plain, southeastern pine savannas now occupy less than 3% of that area in natural condition. Sorrie, B. & A. S. Weakley. 2001. Coastal plain vascular plant endemics: phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66:50-82. East Gulf West Gulf Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Longleaf pine transition woodlands Longleaf pine bluestem savannas Longleaf pine wiregrass savannas Longleaf-slash pine wiregrass savannas Subtropical From Jean Huffman, after Platt (1999) South Florida slash pine savannas Coastal Plain

Continental Drift Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Continental drift separates landmasses (e.g., South America & Africa) and oceans, as well as brings them together (e.g., India and Asia; North and South America). Bowman, Hacker & Cain (2017), Fig. 18.11; concept generally attributed to Alfred Wegener (1912)

Plate Tectonics The mechanism for continental drift Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Fault – two plates slide past each other Main types of boundaries between plates: Mid-ocean ridge Subduction zone Fault Bowman, Hacker & Cain (2017), Fig. 18.10

Dispersal vs. Vicariance Dispersal spread these organisms across the supercontinent Gondwana ~150 mya, but vicariance separated their fossils across modern continents Vicariance = continuous geographic range rendered discontinuous by the emergence of a barrier, e.g., ocean, mountain chain, etc. Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Wikipedia “Biogeography” page; accessed 1-XI-2014 [By Osvaldocangaspadilla (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons] Map from Wikimedia Commons

Dispersal vs. Vicariance Molecular phylogenetic evidence suggests that the ratite common ancestor roamed across Gondwana, but populations diverged as continents separated (i.e., vicariance) However, kiwis appear to have originated in Australia, then dispersed to New Zealand Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 18.12

Explanations for Origins of Regional Diversity Gradients Area, Isolation, Evolutionary History (e.g., Time, Stability) & Productivity Diversification rate = (Speciation rate) – (Extinction rate) Cradle effect = Higher speciation rate Museum effect = Lower extinction rate Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Note – I don’t think the textbook’s 2nd panel is well drawn, since if diversification time is the only factor, then the two curves should have the same shapes (i.e., slopes and asymptotes), so I think the dotted line point-in-time better illustrates these three. A potential mechanism for this first hypothesis is area and isolation. Bowman, Hacker & Cain (2017), Fig. 18.14

Explanations for Origins of Regional Diversity Gradients Area, Isolation, Evolutionary History (e.g., Time, Stability) & Productivity Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. This illustrates the potential importance of area. Bowman, Hacker & Cain (2017), Fig. 18.15

Explanations for Origins of Regional Diversity Gradients Area, Isolation, Evolutionary History (e.g., Time, Stability) & Productivity Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Note – I don’t think the textbook’s 2nd panel is well drawn, since if diversification time is the only factor, then the two curves should have the same shapes (i.e., slopes and asymptotes), so I think the dotted line point-in-time better illustrates these three. A potential mechanism for this second hypothesis is a long time with relatively stable climate. Bowman, Hacker & Cain (2017), Fig. 18.14

Explanations for Origins of Regional Diversity Gradients Area, Isolation, Evolutionary History (e.g., Time, Stability) & Productivity Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. This illustrates the potential importance of time and climatic stability. Map from http://www.iceagenow.com/Ice-Age_Maps.htm

Explanations for Origins of Regional Diversity Gradients Area, Isolation, Evolutionary History (e.g., Time, Stability) & Productivity Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Note – I don’t think the textbook’s 2nd panel is well drawn, since if diversification time is the only factor, then the two curves should have the same shapes (i.e., slopes and asymptotes), so I think the dotted line point-in-time better illustrates these three. Bowman, Hacker & Cain (2017), Fig. 18.14

Explanations for Origins of Regional Diversity Gradients Area, Isolation, Evolutionary History (e.g., Time, Stability) & Productivity Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Note – I don’t think the textbook’s 2nd panel is well drawn, since if diversification time is the only factor, then the two curves should have the same shapes (i.e., slopes and asymptotes), so I think the dotted line point-in-time better illustrates these three. Bowman, Hacker & Cain (2017), Fig. 18.14

Species-Area Relationship Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Species-area curves from Rosenzweig (1995)

Species-Area Relationship Slope changes across scales Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Figure from Hubbell (2001, pg. 158)

Species-Isolation Relationship Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Diamond (1972) compared species richness on islands with that expected for an island “near” (< 500 km) a “mainland” source; “Mainland” = New Guinea; Islands = Bismark Archipelago. Jared Diamond. 1972. Biogeographic kinetics: Estimation of relaxation times for avifauna of southwest Pacific islands. PNAS 69:3199-3203. Data for Bismark Archipelago birds from Diamond (1972) PNAS

Island Biogeography Theory The influence of area & isolation on local species richness Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Bowman, Hacker & Cain (2017), Fig. 18.21; after MacArthur & Wilson (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography