Figure 2 Molecular mechanisms of the antidiabetic

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Figure 2 Molecular mechanisms of the antidiabetic and anti-obesogenic effects of plants and mushrooms Figure 2 | Molecular mechanisms of the antidiabetic and anti-obesogenic effects of plants and mushrooms. a | Plant compounds such as celastrol reduce body weight by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the hypothalamus, thereby increasing leptin sensitivity and suppressing appetite. Ephedrine reduces appetite by activating adrenergic receptors in the hypothalamus. b | Plant polyphenols inhibit pancreatic lipase activity in the duodenum and prevent the release (and subsequent absorption) of fatty acids from dietary triglycerides. In addition, dietary fibre binds to lipids and bile acids, thereby reducing lipid absorption and bile acid reabsorption, respectively. c | Phytochemicals including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), resveratrol and genistein inhibit lipid accumulation by inducing apoptosis in adipocytes. Furthermore, honokiol and curcumin activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), leading to secretion of adiponectin, which enhances insulin sensitivity. d | Capsaicin and EGCG activate transient receptor potential (TRP) channels on sensory nerves, inducing the release of noradrenaline by sympathetic nerves, which activates uncoupling proteins in the mitochondria of brown adipose tissue (BAT), producing heat instead of ATP. e | Apigenin, quercetin and luteolin have antioxidant effects that protect pancreatic β cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), helping to maintain insulin secretion in response to glucose intake. In addition, berberine induces β-cell proliferation, thereby maintaining pancreatic function and glucose homeostasis. f | Berberine and genistein activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the liver and other tissues. AMPK activation reduces energy storage by inhibition of anabolic pathways. AMPK activation also enhances energy expenditure by inducing catabolism and ATP production. Furthermore, lovastatin, a compound found in mushrooms and pu-erh tea, inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in the liver, thereby reducing cholesterol synthesis. Modified with permission from Nature Publishing Group © Dietrich, M. O. and Horvath, T. L. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 11, 675–691 (2012). Modified with permission from Nature Publishing Group © Dietrich, M. O. and Horvath, T. L. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 11, 675–691 (2012). Martel, J. et al. (2016) Anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects of plants and mushrooms Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.142